13^th Euro Obesity and Endocrinology Congress September 18-19, 2017 Zurich, Switzerland

The lack in energy balance mostly often causes overweight & Obesity. Energy balance means your energy IN equals your OUT energy. Overweight & obesity happens over time when you take more calories than you use. Moreover Inactive Lifestyle- People who was inactive is more likely to gain weight because they don't burn the calories which they have taken from food & drinks. Even Our environment doesn't support healthy lifestyle habits; in fact, it encourages obesity.  Reasons include; Lack of neighbourhood sidewalks & safe places for recreation, Junk food portions, lack of healthy foods & false food advertisings etc.  Family History-genes and Genes play a major role on a person's weight. Overweight & obesity tends to run in families. If any one of your parents were overweight or obese. You are having chances to be obese.

Obesity are evidence that Occurrence of monogenic types obesity may be caused by genetic mutations, however, till now, only 78 cases worldwide has been attributed to mutations of seven distinct genes. The most common forms of obesity are probably the result of variations within a large number of genes.  Beside those rare cases, many individuals have been a genetic predisposition of fat that may leads to obesity. Researchers have found many obesity susceptibility genes & the combination of an obese-genic environment & a genetic predisposition of fat will almost result in the development of obesity. Overview, current knowledge says that the conclusion genetic factors may be involved in etiology of obesity & exclusive of rare severe obesity cases, the genes involved are probably genes that interact with environment related factors to energy intake & expenditure to increase the risk of obesity.

Being Obesity & overweight increases the risk of developing a wide variety of serious diseases. The risks arise with BMI, and are greater for obese individuals.

Overweight & obesity are proven risk factors for:

•   Diabetes
•   Heart disease
•   High cholesterol
•   Stroke
•   Hypertension
•   Gallbladder disorders
•   Musculoskeletal problems
•   Osteoarthritis
•   Sleep Apnea & other respiratory illness
•   Cancer disorders

Obesity is also associated with certain health disorders include:

• Complications during pregnancy
• Menstrual irregularity problems
• Hormone Abnormalities
• Urinary stress problems
• Psychological problems
• Increased risks during surgery
• Increased risk of death
• Fertility problems

Obesity  and diabetes are Inter related diseases. According to statistics of Centre for Disease Control, the people who were diagnosed with type II diabetes, 80-90% were diagnosed as obese. For every 3 seconds, one individual is diagnosed with diabetes. Type II diabetes is a lifelong chronic disease in which high levels of sugar (glucose) in the blood and the cells ignore the insulin. Type II diabetes Weight gain is common in people who take insulin to treat diabetes. That’s because of more insulin we use to maintain in our blood glucose level, the more glucose is absorbed into our cells, compare to elimination by our body. The absorbed glucose was stored as a fat, which makes us to gain weight.

Childhood obesity has become more than doubled in children in the past 30 years. The percentage of children who were obese with an age group of 6–12 years in United States is 7% in 1980s & increases to18% in 2012. As of 2012 statistics, moreover one-third of children and adolescents are overweight & obese. Childhood obesity and its effects are strongly associated with risk factors of Heart diseases, diabetes, Genetic disorders, Psychological disorders, apnea, underachievement in school and lower self-esteem.

Liposuction is a surgery used for elimination of Excess fat accumulated on abdomen, flanks, thighs, and other areas of the body can be a complicated process. which has been one of the most popular plastic surgery techniques for more than three decades now Often, diet & exercise on their own are just not sufficient to the task. In that case, many people who want to achieve more aesthetical pleasing body contours turn into liposuction. This safe, proven procedure has been allowed millions of patients to improve their figures through the precise targeting & removal of isolated deposits of fat. Often compare with other plastic surgery procedures such as abdominoplasty ("tummy tuck" surgery) & breast augmentation, liposuction is a potential ideal solution for anyone who are looking to refine & rejuvenate their contours. 

BMI is used as a screening to indicate whether the person is obese underweight, overweight compare to healthy weight for their height. Any individual BMI is out of the healthy health risks may increases. BMI values are age-independent & same for both genders. A person may have a high BMI, and to determine if this excess weight is a health risk, a healthcare provider would need to complete further findings such as: Skinfold thickness, Evaluations of diet, Physical activity, Family history & other appropriate health screenings.

Anorexia Nervosa is a psychological & life-threatening eating disorder defined the persons extremely low body weight & needless weight loss fear, fear of weight gain, and distorted perception of self-image & body. There are 2 common types of anorexia, which are as follows: Anorexia Nervosa (eating disorder).  2) Restrictive Anorexia Nervosa. Anorexia Nervosa continues to have the highest mortality of psychiatric conditions. Since anorexia involves both mind & body, a team approach to treatment is often best. Those who have involved in anorexia treatment include medical doctors, psychologists, counsellors, and dieticians.

Obesity treating entails the combination of dietary, physical activity,&  lifestyle changes. Some Medications also be used. Orlistat, lorcaserin hydrochloride, phentermine, & phentermine/topiramate are FDA approved drugs used for treating obesity. Anticonvulsants, Antidepressants, & metformin were used off-label. Additional to this, group interventions were more effective in decreasing weight & improving glycaemic control. Among older adults, group interventions are most successful than one-on-one training. 

Bariatric Surgery: Approximate 5% of adults were suffering from morbidly obese, preparing such candidates for bariatric surgery. Through Bariatric Surgery significant results were found weight loss, improved glycaemic control, decreases hypertension, depression reduction, improved sexual activity, & decreased sleep apnea. Studies have been shown that after the surgery, The patients of 78% had complete resolution of T2DM, & 62% are in remission 1 year after surgery.

The Main therapeutic essential used for treating obesity is proper diet & physical exercise, and healthy lifestyle modification which decrease energy intake & increase expenditure energy.  Pharmacotherapy, Appetite suppressants, Orlistat, Surgery and healthy Dietary Supplements are some of the common treatment used in reducing obesity.

Medical weight loss means not a surgery or diet pills. It is weight management based on medical scientific principles that target the root causes of obesity & weight gain to achieve and sustain a healthy weight in the long-term under the care of a medical provider.

The tools that the providers use to manage medical weight loss were very different from what we have found with commercial programs. Firstly, providers use metabolism & body composition (mainly fat percentage) as a true indicator of weight loss progress. Secondly, they prescribe some, low-calorie & safe diets which are specifically designed to lose weight in breaking the cycle of food addiction. They prescribe an appetite suppressant.  Finally, they have the complete idea & ability to view weight loss & maintenance within the context of total health profile.

Yoga is the best choice in controlling obesity & maintaining the body fit and healthier also considered as most important physical activity in reducing the Obesity. Diet treatments for Obesity include fad diets, formulated diets, very-low-energy diets (VLCD) and conventional diets. Fad diets possible to reduce some weight in short-term; however long-term use there is no scientific basis. Formulated diets are also suitable individuals but need to be properly assessed professionally. Some specific guidelines used in VLCD, They are only appropriate for short-term use. Fruits & vegetable low calorie and fibre rich diet are used to reduce as diet therapy for obese individuals.  A successful weight-loss depends on a multidisciplinary approach.

Obesity counselling is most beneficial for those persons who are overweight. It gives support, guidance & encouragement to the individuals for overcoming their problem & also improving their quality of life. It helps people to take measures that help them achieve & sustain right weight for a life span.

Proper counselling for Obesity highlights the importance of healthy eating and physical activity for weight loss and maintenance, apart from identifying any other factors like genetic factors that are becoming an obese. Eat less exercise more one of the effective counselling.Proper counselling helps the individuals realize that weight loss is a slow & gradual process that requires commitment and hard work. 

Current research on Obesity is based on identify genetic, Behavioral, & environmental causes of obesity; to understand that how obesity leads to type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases other health problems and to build on basic & clinical research findings and study innovative prevention and treatment strategies. The research institutes, other agencies, private and public organizations all will play important roles in reducing the epidemic of obesity.

Endocrinology deals with the study of medicine which relates to the endocrine system, the system that controls hormones. Endocrinologist will deals with diseases that were caused by problems with hormones. Simply which deals with the diagnosis & treatment of diseases related to various hormones. Endocrinology covers almost all such human functions & such as, respiration, metabolism reproduction, & movement. Endocrinology covers mainly on the endocrine glands and tissues that secrete hormones.

Hormones are known as chemical messengers that regulate processes in our body. This is one of the major factors in Obesity causes. The hormones Leptin & insulin, sex hormones, growth hormone influences our appetite, metabolism and body fat distribution. A system of glands, known as the endocrine system, secretes hormones into our bloodstream. The endocrine system works with nervous system & the immune system to help our body cope with different events and stresses. Excesses or deficits of these hormones may lead to obesity &, on the other hand, obesity may leads to changes in certain hormones.

Clinical endocrinology is the subject that deals with the study of endocrine system its function, diseases and abnormalities related to a patient. The endocrine system is defined that the organs in the body which further release hormones that use to regulate many of the body’s functions, like testes & ovaries, pancreas, the pituitary gland, and thyroid gland. Those who are specialized in clinical endocrinology are highly trained physicians.

 Additional Specialized topics, on which clinical endocrinology concentrates, includes thyroid disorders, Hormone disorders of other types can be treated by endocrinologists. Problems while oestrogen of progesterone production in the female body may cause symptoms like decreased fertility. Some endocrinologists specialized in fertility medicine.

Hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction is a problem (or) condition with the region of the brain Known as the hypothalamus, which helps to control and regulate body functions of pituitary gland like Adrenal glands, ovaries, testes, thyroid gland. The hypothalamus also helps to regulate body temperature, childbirth, milk production, growth, Emotions, Sleep, Salt and water balance, weight and appetite.

The main causes of hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction includes anorexia, head trauma, bleeding infections and swelling, malnutrition, genetic disorders, radiation, bulimia and surgery.

Adrenal gland is a small gland which was located on the top of each kidney. The adrenal glands which produce hormones that help to control heart rate, blood pressure, how body uses food, levels of minerals such as sodium & potassium in the blood, and other functions involved in stress reactions. Cushing’s syndrome, where there is production too much cortisol, while with Addison's disease, there is too little production of cortisol. Some people were born unable to make enough cortisol. The main adrenal gland disorders includes Genetic mutations tumor including ,infections, Certain medicines etc

The reproductive disorder is a disease or a condition where there is a problem in reproductive system.  Both males and female are affected by the reproductive system. The main disorders of male reproductive system include abnormal puberty, sexual problems such as erectile dysfunction, infertility, and sexually transmitted diseases. Cancer of testis and penis, hydrocele, vericocele, prostate cancer, hypogonadism , gynecomastia etc.  Female reproductive system disorders includes ,Irregular Periods, Premenstrual Syndrome, Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding, Pre and post-Menopausal Problems , Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, cancers of vulva, vagina, cervix, ovary and uterus, fibroids, Vaginal thrush, breast cancer, abnormality in breast size and nipples fibro adenoma , discharge in nipples , breast pain and cyst.

Thyroid disorder is a problem mostly affects the thyroid gland which looks like butterfly shaped gland in front of neck. The thyroid has important roles to regulate numerous metabolic processes in the body. Thyroid gland is controlled by the pituitary gland and hypothalamus, disorders of these tissues will affect thyroid function & cause thyroid problems.

The main thyroid disorders include hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, goiter, thyroid nodules, thyroid cancer Hashimotos thyroiditis, graves disease etc.

Mineral disorders may occur as the abnormal levels of minerals either much or too little in the blood. Minerals are very important for the human body. They have various roles in metabolism and body functions and also essential for the proper functioning of cells, tissues and organs. Minerals also play a major role in the building of muscle & bone and important for normal body growth. The main mineral disorders include magnesium disorders, parathyroid disorders, phosphorous disorders, vitamin D disorders.

Metabolism is conditions were our body make energy from the foods which we have taken.A metabolic disorder may occur when is a abnormal chemical reactions in our body disrupt this process. There are different groups of metabolic disorders. Some affect the breakdown of amino acids, carbohydrates, or lipids. Other group, mitochondrial diseases, affects the parts of the cells that produce the energy. You may cause a metabolic disorder when some organs, such as your liver or pancreas, become diseased or do not function normally. The best example is diabetes in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period of time. Symptoms include high blood sugar, frequent urination increases thirst and hunger. Serious long term complications includes heart stroke, chronic kidney failures foot ulcers damaging of eyes. 

Inborn errors of metabolism are rare genetic disorders with which the body can’t turn food into energy properly. They are many inborn errors of metabolism which includes fructose intolerance, galactosemia, Maple sugar urine disease, phenyl ketoneuria. Registered dieticians & some other health care providers create a diet that is right for each specific disorder.