Tele-ophthalmology delivers the eye care through telecommunication technology and digital medical equipments. It offers eye specialist for patients in remote areas, ophthalmic disease screening, diagnosis and monitoring. At present the tele-ophthalmology focus on disease such as diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, adnexal eye diseases, retinopathy of prematurity strabismus.

Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of blindness in the working age people. It leads to be a global health issue. Therefore it need to be detect potentially threatening changes at the early stage for timely treatment and management. The automatic identification of diabetic retinopathy has driven a lot of attraction with studies conducting exudation, haemorrhage, neovascularization detection etc. even at classify stage.

Retinitis pigmentosa is a genetic disorder that involve breakdown and loss of retinal cells i.e., back wall of eye is damaged. It include decreased vision at night or loss of tunnel vision. There is no permanent treatment till date developed for Retinitis Pigmentosa but some measures can be taken such as mobility training, portable lightning and low vision aid.

Telemedicine enable clinicians to evaluate their patients remotely. This is helpful for many reasons. It provide  more efficient distribution of limited healthcare facilities and also save waiting time. It proves to be very helpful at the time of pandemic when their was shortage of Doctors.

Artificial Intelligence has the capability to modernize the screening, diagnosis, and classification of glaucoma by both through the automated processing of large data sets, and by earlier detection of new disease pattern. AI also promise for the fundamentally changing research aimed at understanding the development, progression and treatment of Glaucoma by identifying novel risk factors.

Myopia (nearsightedness) is a common vision condition in which you can see objects near to you clearly, but objects farther away are blurry. It occurs when the shape of your eye causes light rays to bend (refract) incorrectly, focusing images in front of your retina instead of on your retina.

Ocular wavelength error is most commonly described polynomial. This work aimed to use artificial intelligence to predict subjective refraction from wavefront aberrometry data processed with a novel polynomial decomposition basis. AI can facilitate quantification of disease severity, surgical planning and longitudinal monitoring of treatment response.

Artificial Intelligence has proven promising in cataract surgery. AI can demonstrate different phases of cataract. With the increase and improvement in the availability of ocular imaging modalities, including retinal camera, hand-held camera the AI system can provide better outreach for cataract screening.

Retinopathy of prematurity or ROP is a cause of childhood blindness all over the world and treatable with early and timely diagnosis. ROP screening consumes more time and power but digitalization and introduction of artificial intelligence in ROP can save the efforts and time and increase efficiency. Automatic identification ROP has achieved a promising result.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a serious irreversible macular disease characterized by retinal pigment changes, choroidal neovascularization, haemorrhage and even geographical atrophy. It is one of the leading causes of central vision loss in people aged over 50. Screening of AMD is required to be done daily. Automatic AMD increase efficiency and reduce workload of clinicians.

Artificial Intelligence has proved to be an ease in the field of Ophthalmology but it has some challenges to as computation is not advanced, Wide spread to AI has generated various ethical and legal issues. Very few people supports and implement Artificial Intelligence in their lives.

Ocular tumor are the tumors inside the eyes. They can be benign or malignant. They are a collection of cell growth. The eye tumor first appear as a dark spot on the iris and causes blurry vision. Some eye tumor occurs on conjunctiva. Early detection of eye cancer allows more treatment options.

Clinical evaluation of ocular vision plays an important role in the diagnosis of special strabisumus. Despite of their importance, they are not standardized in clinical practice because they are subjective. Therefore, artificial intelligence is introduced which classify the eye versions into nine positions of gaze.

Ocular gene therapy has made a rapid progress in the past few years. This method directly administered into the eye, targeting diseases caused by mutations in the gene RPE65. Mutations in ths gene can produce Retinitis Pigmentosa, a rare but potentially Blinding diseases.

Gene therapy is growing potentially in the field of ophthalmology having mailnly three characteristics- convenience in terms of injections and eye surgery, tight blood-ocular barriers which save other organ from contamination, its immune-privileged status facilitating the accommodation to the antigenicity of a viral vector.

Achromatopsia, also known as color blindness, the inability to perceive color and to achieve satisfactory visual acuity at high levels, mainly in exterior daylight.  It is estimated to affect 1 in 30,000 live births worldwide. It shows symptoms like- Amblyopia, hemeralopia, nystagmus and iris operationg abnormalities.

Leber hereditay optic neuropathy or LHON is a common inhereditary mitochondrial disorder mainly occulr in young males and also known as sudden vision loss as cells in retina starts to die. It starts with a painless cloudiness in vision and then worsen with the loss of sharpness and vision loss.

Retinoschisis is a splitting of eye retina into two layers. This disorder is characterized with the slow loss of parts of vision corresponding to the areas of the retina that have become split. It may also be associated with the development of Saclike blisters called retinal cysts.

Choroidermia is genetic disorder of sight which generally effects the males. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) can describes the early deterioration of the photoreceptor integrity caused by inherited retinal degeberation diseases (IRDs). Artificial Intelligence method of machine learning based on random forests was developed to automatically detect continuous areas of preserved ellipsoid zone structure.