Microbiologists 2018

Microorganisms have been used as sources of antibiotics, vitamins and enzymes and for the production of fermented foods and chemicals since many decades. In the current century, microorganisms are and will play a vital role in addressing some of the problems faced by mankind.  Microbes have a significant role to play in the discovery of antibiotics, microbial vaccines, immune system modulating agents, disinfectants, anti-microbial coatings, manufacturing of biofuels and bioplastics, using biotransformation for the production of fine chemicals and many other therapeutic agents. Hence, microbes have proved beneficial for the survival of mankind.

Bacteriology, virology, mycology, parasitology, the major subfields of microbiology are first covered with the general concepts of cytology and physiology of different microbes and then with major pathogens of humans. Stress on the mechanisms of infection characteristic of that type of microorganism, provide the audience with a framework for understanding rather than memorizing the clinical behaviour of the pathogens. The concepts and emerging trends in pathogenesis of microbes and their virulence mechanisms, their genetic background provide a deep insight into the understanding of disease establishment and progression. Recent research on nematodes and protozoans will contribute in making advancements in the emerging studies. Knowledge on parasites, diversified roles and their interactions with the host will bring awareness on the importance and existence of extremely minute organisms.  The next section comprises of introduction to the Polymicrobial diseases and the tropical diseases, arranged by organ system and provides transition for clinical considerations. Microbial generations are smarter enough to bring about a change in their resistance patterns, thereby paving a way for development of newer strategies and emerging trends in combating the microbial infections. There has been an enormous modification in the diagnostic methods and tools starting from the basic nucleic acid probing to circulating biomarker studies.

Molecular genetics is the field of biology and genetics that studies the structure and function of genes at a molecular level. The study of chromosomes and gene expression of an organism can give insight into heredity, genetic variation, and mutations. This is useful in the study of developmental biology and in understanding and treating genetic diseases. Gene therapy is the therapeutic delivery of nucleic acid polymers into a patient's cells as a drug to treat disease.

Rare Disease is technically defined as a disease that is found in fewer than 5 people per every 10,000 people. While we’ve all heard of diseases, seen someone with a disease, and had a disease personally, it’s unlikely that we’ve encountered a rare disease. In the non-medical world, people use and interchange disease to mean infection, sickness, illness, or something similar. In the medical world, a disease is an abnormal condition that impairs bodily functions and is often associated with certain signs and symptoms. Also called an orphan disease, most rare diseases are genetic, and thus are present throughout the person's entire life, even if symptoms do not immediately appear.

Microbial genetics is concerned with the transmission of hereditary characters in microorganisms. It plays a unique role in developing the fields of molecular and cell biology. It has also found applications in medical, agricultural, food and pharmaceutical industries. Microbes are ideally suited for combined biochemical and genetic studies, and proved to be successful in providing information on genetic codes and gene regulations. After the discovery of DNA transfer, bacteria were of great interest because of their higher rate of reproduction and mutation than other larger organisms. Conjugation, transformation, and transduction are the important methods for mapping the genes on bacterial chromosomes. Recombinant DNA technology, selection, mutation, reproductive cloning, and use of plasmids form a part of genetic engineering tools. Metagenomics is the study of genetic material derived from environmental samples. Microbial genomics can be used to create new biofuels. Pathogenicity islands are discrete genetic loci that encode more virulent factors. 

As the knowledge of bacteria and yeast-chemical behaviors grew, other biotechnological uses for the microbes were found. A few examples include the use of the bacterium Lactobacillus acidophilus to produce yogurt, the exploitation of a number of different bacteria to produce a variety of cheeses, and the fermentation of cabbage to produce sauerkraut. In the agricultural sector, the discovery of the ability of Rhizobium spp. to convert elemental nitrogen to a form that was useable by a growing plant, led to the use of the microorganism as a living fertilizer that grew in association with the plant species.

Pharma Microbiology includes the study of microorganisms associated with the manufacture of pharmaceuticals e.g. decreasing the number of microorganisms in a process environment, removing microorganisms and microbial residues like endotoxin and exotoxin from water and other starting materials, and confirming the finished pharmaceutical product is free of contamination i.e., sterile. Other important aspects of Pharmaceutical Microbiology include the research and development of antibiotic resistance, anti-infective agents, the use of microorganisms to detect carcinogenic and mutagenic activity in expected drugs, and the use of microorganisms in the manufacture of pharmaceutical products like human growth hormone and insulin. Pharmaceutical microbiology also focuses on drug safety. Pathogenic bacteria, fungi (moulds and yeasts) and toxins produced by microorganisms are all possible contaminants of pharmaceutical products or medicines. Pharmaceutical Microbiology also focuses to determine how a product will react in cases of contamination.

Epidemiology is the study of the causes, statistics and health effects of disease conditions in a particular population. Epidemiology shapes policy decisions and proof-based actions through identification of risk factors for disease and targets for preventive health. Epidemiologists with the help of study design, collection, and statistical analysis of data, and by interpreting and disseminating results which include peer review and occasional systematic review. Epidemiology helps to develop methodology to be used in clinical research studies, and, to a lesser extent, basic research in the biological sciences. Epidemiological studies involve an introduction, entire historical background, surveillance data sources, laboratory diagnosis, the biological characteristics of the organism, mechanisms and routes of transmission, pathogenesis and immunity, host response, and finally prevention, control and treatment. Emerging molecular methods are vast for future efforts. Traditional case control and cohort studies will be needed to define the action of such pathogens in disease causality.

Antimicrobials are agents killing or inhibiting the growth of microorganisms and are grouped as antibacterial, antivirals, antifungals and antiparasitics. Antibacterial used to treat bacterial infections are termed as antibacterial, treating virus are termed as antivirals and hence antifungals and antiparasitics are respectively for fungi and parasites. The toxicity of antibacterial to humans and other animals is generally low. Antimicrobial pesticides control growth of microbes by the use of disinfection, sanitation, or reduction of development and to protect industrial processes or systems, surfaces, water, or other chemical substances from contamination, spoiling caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, algae.

Microorganisms attach to surfaces and develop biofilms. Biofilm-associated cells can be differentiated from their suspended counterparts by generation of an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix, reduced growth rates, and the up- and down- regulation of specific genes. Attachment is a complex process regulated by diverse characteristics of the growth medium, substratum, and cell surface. An established biofilm structure comprises microbial cells and EPS, has a defined architecture, and provides an optimal environment for the exchange of genetic material between cells. Cells may also communicate via quorum sensing, which may in turn affect biofilm processes such as detachment. Biofilms have great importance for public health because of their role in certain infectious diseases and importance in a variety of device-related infections. A greater understanding of biofilm processes should lead to novel, effective control strategies for biofilm control and a resulting improvement in patient management.

Identification of an infectious agent for a particular illness can be as done as clinical presentation; such as in gastrointestinal disease and skin infections. Diagnosis of infectious disease is mostly done by consultation of patient's medical history and a physical examination. Microbiology laboratory plays a vital role where diagnosis and final interpretation of causative agents are done by experts. Microbiological culture is the first method for isolation of infectious diseases in the laboratory followed by biochemical and by advanced serological assays and through polymerase reactions. Experts often make treatment as a step of prevention to the patient’s physician depending on the strain of microbe and its antibiotic resistances.

Marine biology is that the study of microorganisms and non-organismic microbes that exist in water environments, together with the open ocean, coastal waters, briny water, estuaries, on marine surfaces and in sediments, they need difficult identities marine biology deals with all terribly little life and life-like biological phenomena: non-organismic microbes, bacteria, protoctist blooms, Archaea, protozoans, noncellular  protoctist and really little cellular plants, fungi, and animals. Marine biology is not just for the open ocean. It is also involved with microorganism communities in coastal waters and estuaries, wherever water meets contemporary. Marine microorganisms area unit to boot found on maritime surfaces, like ocean cliffs splashed with ocean spray, and in sediments. Marine microorganisms seldom exist alone. Rather, they mix into communities, wherever they usually depend upon each other for food. These communities are a part of with different little life forms, together with the larvae of the many invertebrates and fish, to create the big living waves of organism that marine microorganisms, from small filter-feeding invertebrates to large whales, depend upon for food. Several marine microorganisms area unit combine biological process, which implies they'll behave either like plants or like animals by switch between chemical process on the one hand, and greedy different microorganisms on the opposite

 Biodegradation is nature's manner of exercise wastes, or breaking down organic matter into nutrients which will be utilized by different organisms. "Degradation" suggests that decay, and therefore the "bio-" prefix implies that the decay is disbursed by an enormous assortment of microorganism, fungi, insects, worms, and different organisms that eat dead material and recycle it into new forms. In nature, there's no waste as a result of everything gets recycled. The waste product from one organism becomes the food for others, providing nutrients and energy whereas breaking down the waste organic matter. Some organic materials can break down a lot of quicker than others, however all can eventually decay. By harnessing these natural forces of biodegradation, individuals will cut back wastes and close up some styles of environmental contaminants. Through composting, we tend to accelerate natural biodegradation and convert organic wastes to a valuable resource. Waste material treatment conjointly accelerates natural forces of biodegradation. During this case the aim is to interrupt down organic matter in order that it'll not cause pollution issues once the water is discharged into the atmosphere. Through bioremediation, microorganisms area unit won’t to close up oil spills and different styles of organic pollution. Composting and bioremediation offer several prospects for student analysis.

Relevant Conferences:

World Congress on Mycotoxins February 27-28, 2017 Amsterdam, Netherlands, 9th International Virology Congress and Expo March 13-15, 2017 London, UK, 10th World Congress on Virology and Mycology May 11-12, 2017 Singapore, International Conference On Microbial Engineering May 29-31, 2017 Beijing, China, Global Pharmaceutical Microbiology Conference June 19-20, 2017 London, UK, International Conference on Fungal Diseases & Control September 25-26, 2017 Dubai, UAE, 7th Annual Congress on Clinical Microbiology September 25-26, 2017 Chicago, USA,   2nd International Conference and Expo on Water Microbiology & Novel Technologies August 28-30, 2017 Philadelphia, USA, 

Food microbiology is that the study of the microorganisms that inhabit, create, or contaminate food, as well as the study of microorganisms inflicting food spoilage. "Good" bacterium, however, like probiotics, have become progressively vital in food science. Additionally, microorganisms are essential for the assembly of foods like cheese, yogurt, bread, beer, wine and, alternative soured foods.

Relevant Conferences:

World Congress on Mycotoxins February 27-28, 2017 Amsterdam, Netherlands, 9th International Virology Congress and Expo March 13-15, 2017 London, UK, 10th World Congress on Virology and Mycology May 11-12, 2017 Singapore, International Conference On Microbial Engineering May 29-31, 2017 Beijing, China, Global Pharmaceutical Microbiology Conference June 19-20, 2017 London, UK, International Conference on Fungal Diseases & Control September 25-26, 2017 Dubai, UAE, 7th Annual Congress on Clinical Microbiology September 25-26, 2017 Chicago, USA,   2nd International Conference and Expo on Water Microbiology & Novel Technologies August 28-30, 2017 Philadelphia, USA, 

An antimicrobial is an agent that kills microorganisms and inhibits their growth. Such as antibiotics which are used in the treatment and prevention of bacterial/ yeast infections which is anti-bacterial. Tea tree oil and Jojoba oil acts as a fungicide which helps to inhibit the growth of fungi. Antimicrobial Therapy which helps to eradicate different kinds of infections formed by bacteria, fungi, or protozoans  will be topic of discussion in antimicrobial drugs. Antibiotics: Antibiotics are the secondary metabolites of microorganisms. Substances produced by microorganisms that inhibit other microorganisms. They are a group of medicines that are used to treat infections caused by germs (bacteria and certain parasites). Antibiotics are sometimes called antibacterials or antimicrobials. Antimicrobial resistance: Antimicrobial resistance is resistance of a microorganism to an antimicrobial drug that was originally effective for treatment of infections caused by it. Resistant microorganisms (including bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites) are able to withstand attack by antimicrobial drugs, such as antibacterial drugs (e.g. antibiotics), antifungals, antivirals, and antimalarials, so that standard treatments become ineffective and infections persist, increasing the risk of spread to others. Depending on the drugs to be given, there are different ways to determine chemo doses for patient. Chemotherapy (chemo) drugs are strong medicines that have a fairly narrow dose range for safety and effectiveness. Targeted therapies doesn’t treat by dosage. It acts on particular genes and proteins to diagnose and treat disease. Proper care along with hygienic tips and food provided to the cancer patient. 

Relevant Conferences:

World Congress on Mycotoxins February 27-28, 2017 Amsterdam, Netherlands, 9th International Virology Congress and Expo March 13-15, 2017 London, UK, 10th World Congress on Virology and Mycology May 11-12, 2017 Singapore, International Conference On Microbial Engineering May 29-31, 2017 Beijing, China, Global Pharmaceutical Microbiology Conference June 19-20, 2017 London, UK, International Conference on Fungal Diseases & Control September 25-26, 2017 Dubai, UAE, 7th Annual Congress on Clinical Microbiology September 25-26, 2017 Chicago, USA,   2nd International Conference and Expo on Water Microbiology & Novel Technologies August 28-30, 2017 Philadelphia, USA, 

Virology is often considered a part of microbiology or of pathology. Viruses and viral diseases have been at the centers of science, agriculture, and medicine for millennia and some of our greatest challenges and triumphs have involved virology. Virology conference brings together individuals who have an interest in different fields of microbiology like Hiv, Aids, Cancer, Infectious disease, Clinical & Applied microbiology, food microbiology, pediatric and emergency nursing, midwifery, public health, healthcare and medicine from practice, research, administration, policy and education. It is a forum to explore issues of mutual concern as well as exchange knowledge, share evidence, ideas, and generate solutions.

Veterinary Microbiology is concerned with microbial (bacterial, fungal, viral) diseases of domesticated vertebrate animals (livestock, companion animals, fur-bearing animals, game, poultry, fish) that supply food, other useful products or companionship. In addition, Microbial diseases of wild animals living in captivity, or as members of the feral fauna will also be considered if the infections are of interest because of their interrelation with humans (zoonosis) and/or domestic animals..

Environmental Microbiology Conference is the indigenous knowledge which is the result of datum and experience collection of local folks and societies in successive generations is a valuable body that should be considered for getting to sustainable development.Its success and resilience results from the profound influence that microorganisms have on life on Earth, sustaining our environment, influencing our health and driving many industrial biotechnology processes. Research areas that are  marine and freshwater biogeochemical cycles and the influence of microbes on climate change through consumption and production of greenhouse gases, bioremediation of contaminated land and water, production of biofuels and use as biocatalysts, the importance of microbes in human health, interactions of microbes with animals and plants. Areas of microbiological research covered have an immense impact on the environment and mankind and thus Environmental Microbiology remains a very vibrant and highly topical research field.

A vaccine is an inactivated biological preparation which when injected into human body provides active acquired immunity to particular diseases or infections. A vaccine agent is a disease-causing micro-organism which is made from killed forms of the microbe or its toxins or one of its surface proteins which in turn stimulates the body's response so that the body will fight against the diseases. Vaccines can be of two kinds: therapeutic and prophylactic. They cover both infectious disease targets as well as non-infectious disease targets

Agricultural microbiology is a field of study concerned with plant-associated microbes. It aims to address problems in agricultural practices usually caused by a lack of biodiversity in microbial communities. An understanding of microbial strains relevant to agricultural applications is useful in the enhancement of factors such as soil nutrients, plant-pathogen resistance, crop robustness, fertilization uptake efficiency, and more. The many symbiotic relationships between plants and microbes can ultimately be exploited for greater food production necessary to feed the expanding human populace, in addition to safer farming techniques for the sake of minimizing ecological disruption.

Parasitic infections/worms can be studied from many angles: we can focus on the parasites, their hosts, the environments they share and the ways in which they interact. People working in this field come from numerous backgrounds, including zoology, physiology, biochemistry, immunology, molecular biology, pharmacology, ecology, economics, anthropology, sociology, engineering, agriculture, education, mathematics and, of course, human and veterinary medicine. Specific disciplines focus on specific aspects, thus parasitological knowledge may be fragmentary. 

Public Health science involves applied sciences that include the use of science, technology, biomedicine in healthcare. Diagnostics methods like physical examination, medical history, medical imaging cover the basics of first diagnosis of illness which follow further laboratory diagnosis of patient blood for any infectious agents. Health care is considered in the application of the knowledge which acquires through health science. Health care can be provided through a variety of fields, including pharmacy, dentistry and medicine fie

Biodegradation is nature's way of recycling wastes, or breaking down organic matter into nutrients that can be used by other organisms. "Degradation" means decay, and the "bio-" prefix means that the decay is carried out by a huge assortment of bacteria, fungi, insects, worms, and other organisms that eat dead material and recycle it into new forms. In nature, there is no waste because everything gets recycled. The waste products from one organism become the food for others, providing nutrients and energy while breaking down the waste organic matter. Some organic materials will break down much faster than others, but all will eventually decay. By harnessing these natural forces of biodegradation, people can reduce wastes and clean up some types of environmental contaminants. Through composting, we accelerate natural biodegradation and convert organic wastes to a valuable resource. Wastewater treatment also accelerates natural forces of biodegradation. In this case the purpose is to break down organic matter so that it will not cause pollution problems when the water is released into the environment. Through bioremediation, microorganisms are used to clean up oil spills and other types of organic pollution. Composting and bioremediation provide many possibilities for student research.