5^th Global Respiratory and Pulmonologist Annual Meeting November 17-18, 2016 Dubai, UAE

OMICS International warmly welcomes all the delegates around the world to participate in the International Conference on “Global Pulmonologists Annual Meeting 2016” which is to be held on May 9-10, 2016 at Chicago, USA. This meeting deals with the current research developments in the field of pulmonology and also about the new treatment methods which are devised by scientists to treat various diseases in easier way.  This meeting acts as a best platform for attendees to learn about the recent trends in pulmonary research and development. This conference also includes keynote lectures, interactive sessions, plenary talks, speech from young researchers and also poster presentations from students on the topic “Pulmonary Medicine”. This event will be a constructive event for all the attendees providing a snap shot of the types of on-going research work.

The main theme of the conference is “Neoteric developments in Pulmonary Research and Treatment”.  This would be a two day conference which triggers the innovative minds of the attendees. The topics of the  conference is  Lung and metabolism, Lung Infections, Lung Disorders, Pulmonary Disease, Tuberculosis, Pneumonia, Lung Cancer and Treatment Strategies, respiratory tract and associated defence mechanism, biological and pathological effects, Advanced Diagnostic Techniques for Prevention, Control Management and cure  for Lung Disorders, Novel and Futuristic Research Aspects and Clinical Trials. Poster presentation enables them to present their research work in form of posters and also e-posters with live streaming.

OMICS International organizes 300+ Conferences Every Year across USA, Europe & Asia with support from 1000 more scientific societies and Publishes 400+ Open access journals which contains over 30000 eminent personalities, reputed scientists as editorial board members.

Market Analysis Report

Pulmonary medicine is poised to replace cardiology as the significant new opportunity for medical device manufacturers as options for diagnosing, monitoring and treating the substantial patient populations with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, lung cancer and other pulmonary conditions transform from clinical trials to commercialization and adoption. These emerging technologies will increase their share of the pulmonary technologies market from 10% in 2009 to 56% in 2015, with gains concentrated in therapeutics based largely on advances in interventional bronchoscopy. New approaches to standard therapies, such as high flow nasal oxygen delivery, will also contribute, as well new technologies designed to enhance the accuracy of pulmonary diagnostics while reducing their invasiveness.

The global respiratory care devices market was expected to be worth $8.8 billion in 2010 and is estimated to reach $13.5 billion by 2015, growing at a CAGR of 8.8% from 2010-2015. Transparency Market Research (TMR) has announced the release of a new research report based on the global oxygen therapy devices market that estimates the overall value of the market to be US$2.80 billion by 2020, expanding at a CAGR of 5.7% during the period from 2014 to 2020.

Global pulmonary drug delivery systems market is expected to witness lucrative market growth over the forecast period including increasing incidences of chronic diseases such as tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus. 

Lung and Metabolism          

Pulmonary Organs

These are the organs which involve in the process of purifying the blood and oxygenating the blood. There are several parts which take part in the process of respiration. One of the main roles is done by lungs. In mammals the two lungs are located near the backbone on either side of the heart. Their primary function is to transport oxygen from atmosphere into the bloodstream and to release the carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The major organs which perform the function of respiration in lungs are Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli and Diaphragm. The trachea is like a pipe which then forms the branches called the bronchi. The bronchi in turn branches into different branches called the bronchioles. Then comes the alveoli which is very small in size but has a key function in the process of respiration.   

  Functions: Respiratory and Non Respiratory

  Respiratory Functions:

 The respiratory function of lungs includes all the parts from trachea to alveoli. The air enters from nose to the trachea, and then the trachea divides into 2 parts called the bronchi. The bronchi continue to divide within the lungs and after multiple divisions, give rise to bronchioles which leads to alveolar sacs. Alveolar sacs are made up of clusters of alveoli, like individual grapes in a bunch. The alveoli are wrapped inside the blood vessels and it is here where the actual transfer of oxygen takes place. The atmospheric oxygen comes through the nostrils then to the trachea and then it travels to the bronchi. Once it has passed through the bronchi it divides and passes into the bronchioles and then into the alveoli. When the oxygen is passed through the alveolar region it is exchanged with the carbon dioxide which the red blood cells carry. Now the oxygen is absorbed into the erythrocytes and the carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere. The red blood cells which have received the oxygen travel to the tissues and supply the oxygen to them. The process by which the erythrocytes receive oxygen is called as oxygenation and the blood is called the oxygenated blood.

 Non respiratory functions:

The Non-respiratory functions of lungs include the alteration of Ph of blood by facilitating alterations in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide. It also includes the filtering of small blood clots formed in veins. Filtering out gas micro-bubbles occurring in the venous blood stream such as those created during decompression after underwater diving. The lungs may serve as a layer of soft, shock absorbent protection for the heart, which the lungs flank and nearly enclose.

Respiration System Components

 The respiration system is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used for the process of respiration in an organism. The respiration system is involved in the intake and the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the organism and the environment.

                        Nose: The nose consists of ciliated cells and goblet cells. These protect the cells from the microorganisms and other type of dust particles from entering the respiratory track.

                        Larynx: This is called the “Voice Box” and specifically contains the vocal cords that vibrate when the sound is made.

                        Pharynx: The Naso-pharnyx is the junction where the nasal passage and the buccal cavity meets. The muscular tube lined with mucous membrane is divided into Naso-pharnyx, Oropharnyx and Laryngopharynx.

                         Trachea: The Trachea is also called the Wind pipe where the air enters and it passes through and reaches the bronchi. The upper part of the bronchi is just below the skin and the lower part is divided into two parts which is called the bronchi.

                          Bronchi: These are the 2 parts which divide from the trachea. They enter into the right lung and the left lung.

                         Bronchioles: These are the subdivisions of bronchi and they do not contain cartilage and mucus glands in their walls.

                         Alveoli: These are the small sac like things which are packed into veins where the transfer of oxygen takes place. 

  Anatomy of Respiratory Organ

 The nose and nasal cavity compromise the main external opening of the respiratory system. They represent the entryway of the respiratory track through which the air enters the body. As the nose contains hairs inside it acts as a barrier to filter small dusts that are present in the air. The nasal cavity is lined with the mucus membrane which kills all the bacteria which are present in the air which enters the nose. Then comes the oral cavity, mostly referred as mouth. It does not perform any additional activity when compared to that of nasal cavity but acts as an alternative for breathing. The next component is the pharynx, it is mostly referred as the throat. It acts as a funnel made up of muscles that acts as an intermediate between nasal cavity and esophagus. The pharynx is followed by the larynx, it is commonly referred to as the voice box, and it is located near the anterior section of the neck, just below the hyoid bone. The pharynx is followed by the Trachea, it is a longer section of the respiratory tract, shaped like a tube and approximately 5 inches in length. It has several C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings which are lined with pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium. The trachea, more commonly referred to as the windpipe, connects the larynx to the bronchi and also has the role of filtering the air prior to it entering the lungs. The epithelium which lines the cartilage rings produces mucus which traps harmful particles. The trachea divides into two parts called the bronchi, these first run into each of the lungs before further branching off into smaller bronchi. These secondary bronchi continue carrying the air to the lobes of the lungs, and then further split into tertiary bronchi. The tertiary bronchi then split into even smaller sections that are spread out throughout the lungs called bronchioles.

   Bronchi and Alveolus

  The trachea splits into two sections, they run into the lungs and form bronchi and split further to form bronchioles. At this stage, these tiny bronchioles number in the millions, are less than a millimetre in length, and work to conduct the air to the lungs’ alveoli. This system creates a tree-like pattern, with smaller branches growing from the bigger ones. At the same time, it also ensures that air from the trachea reaches all the regions of the lungs. Besides simply carrying the air, the bronchi and bronchioles also possess mucus and cilia that further refine the air and get rid of any leftover environmental contaminants. The alveolar region consists of small bunch of grape like structures called the alveoli. These alveoli are tightly packed into the blood vessels where the transfer of oxygen takes place.

 Evolution and Biological Modifications

About 375 million years ago, land-living animals began to evolve from a species of lobe-finned fish. All animals with lungs share this common ancestor. This species is now extinct, but the living lungfish are close relatives. To live on land, the early tetrapods, 4-legged creatures, had to be able to breathe air through their lungs, and they also needed a rib cage to prevent the lungs from being crushed. The lungs of some species have evolved so that they can take in greater quantities of oxygen in shorter periods of time. Mammals, including humans, have very efficient lungs and this is one of the reasons why they are able to carry out quite intense activity and exercise. However, the basic structure is the same as in the bodies of all the other tetrapods.

 Lung Infections        

 Bronchitis

 Bronchitis is an inflammation of the lining of your bronchial tubes, which carry air to and from your lungs. People who have bronchitis often cough up thickened mucus, which can be discoloured. Bronchitis may be either acute or chronic. Often developing from a cold or other respiratory infection, acute bronchitis is very common. Chronic bronchitis, a more serious condition, is a constant irritation or inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes, often due to smoking. Acute bronchitis usually improves within a few days without lasting effects, although you may continue to cough for weeks.

Bacterial and Fungal Lung Infections

Bacterial pneumonia is an infection in one or both lungs. The bacteria cause the lung’s air sacs (alveoli) to become inflamed and engorged with pus, fluid, and cellular debris. This often impairs the body’s ability to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide. If you have bacterial pneumonia you might experience breathlessness or pain as you struggle to take in oxygen. Bacterial pneumonia can be mild or serious, even leading to respiratory failure or death.

Fungal pneumonia is an infectious process in the lungs caused by one or more endemic or opportunistic fungi. Fungal infection occurs following the inhalation of spores, after the inhalation of conidia, or by the reactivation of a latent infection. Haematogenous dissemination frequently occurs, especially in an immunocompromised host. Endemic fungal pathogens cause infection in healthy hosts and in immunocompromised persons, in defined geographic locations of the Americas and around the world.

  Common Cold & Influenza (Flu)

 The common cold is a self-limited contagious illness that can be caused by a number of different types of viruses. The common cold is medically referred to as a viral upper respiratory tract infection. Symptoms of the common cold may include cough, sore throat, watery eyes, nasal congestion, runny nose, and sneezing.

Influenza is a viral infection that attacks the respiratory system, nose, throat and lungs. Influenza, commonly called the flu, is not the same as the stomach "flu" viruses that cause diarrhoea and vomiting. Influenza and its complications can be deadly. People at higher risk of developing flu complications include Young children, Adults older than 65, pregnant women, people with weakened immune system and people who have chronic illnesses.

 Tonsillitis and Sinusitis

 Tonsillitis are the two lymph nodes located on each side of the back of your throat. They function as a defence mechanism, helping to prevent infection from entering the rest of your body. When the tonsils themselves become infected, the condition is called tonsillitis. Tonsillitis can occur at any age and is a common childhood ailment. It is most often diagnosed in children from preschool age through their mid-teens. Symptoms include a sore throat, swollen tonsils, and fever.

Sinusitis, also known as a sinus infection or rhinosinusitis, is inflammation of the sinuses resulting in symptoms. Common signs and symptoms include thick nasal mucous, a plugged nose, and pain in the face. Other signs and symptoms may include fever, headaches, poor smell, sore throat, and cough. The cough is often worse at night. Serious complications are rare It is defined as acute rhinosinusitis if it lasts less than 4 weeks and as chronic rhinosinusitis if it lasts for more than 12 weeks. It can be due to infection, allergies, air pollution, or structural problems in the nose.

 Pathogenic Infections

 Viral pathogens are the most common cause of respiratory infection in travellers; causative agents include rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, human metapneumovirus, adenovirus, and coronavirus. Bacterial pathogens are less common and include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Chlamydophila pneumoniae. Coxiella burnetii and Legionella pneumophila can also cause outbreaks of respiratory illness. Respiratory infection due to viral pathogens may lead to bacterial sinusitis, bronchitis, or pneumonia.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

COPD or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a progressive disease that makes it hard to breathe. "Progressive" means the disease gets worse over time. COPD can cause coughing that produces large amounts of mucus, wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and other symptoms. Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of COPD. Most people who have COPD smoke or used to smoke. Long-term exposure to other lung irritants such as air pollution, chemical fumes, or dust also may contribute to COPD. The disease is not a contagious disease and so that it does not pass from one person to the other person.

Lung Disorders        

Asthma, Emphysema and Silicosis

Asthma is a chronic (long-term) lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. Asthma causes recurring periods of wheezing (a whistling sound when you breathe), chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing. The coughing often occurs at night or early in the morning.

 Emphysema gradually damages the air sacs (alveoli) in your lungs, making you progressively more short of breath. Emphysema is one of several diseases known collectively as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Smoking is the leading cause of emphysema.

Silicosis is a lung disease that is caused by inhaling tiny bits of silica. Silica is a common mineral that is part of sand, rock and mineral ores like quartz. People who work in jobs where they could breathe in these tiny silica bits like sandblasting, mining, construction and many others are at risk for silicosis. The silica dust can cause fluid build-up and scar tissue in the lungs that cuts down your ability to breathe.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening lung condition that prevents enough oxygen from getting to the lungs and into the blood. Infants can also have respiratory distress syndrome. This can be caused by variety of factors some of them include inhaling chemicals, Lung transplant, Pneumonia, Trauma etc..

  Interstitial lung disease (ILD)

  Interstitial lung disease is a general category that includes many different lung conditions. All interstitial lung diseases affect the interstitium, a part of the lungs' anatomic structure. The interstitium is a lace-like network of tissue that extends throughout both lungs. The interstitium provides support to the lungs' microscopic air sacs .Tiny blood vessels travel through the interstitium, allowing gas exchange between blood and the air in the lungs. Normally, the interstitium is so thin it can't be seen on chest X-rays or CT scans.

Pulmonary and Cystic Fibrosis

Pulmonary fibrosis is a disease marked by scarring in the lungs. Tissue deep in the lungs becomes thick, stiff and scarred. The scarring is called fibrosis. As the lung tissue becomes scarred, it interferes with a person's ability to breathe. In some cases, the cause of pulmonary fibrosis can be found. But most cases of pulmonary fibrosis have no known cause. These cases are called idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Cystic fibrosis is a life-threatening disorder that causes severe damage to the lungs and digestive system. An inherited condition, cystic fibrosis affects the cells that produce mucus, sweat and digestive juices. These secreted fluids are normally thin and slippery. But in cystic fibrosis, a defective gene causes the secretions to become thick and sticky. Instead of acting as a lubricant, the secretions plug up tubes, ducts and passageways, especially in the lungs and pancreas.

Acute and Chronic Bronchitis

 Acute bronchitis is usually caused by a virus. Often a person gets acute bronchitis a few days after having an upper respiratory tract infection such as a cold or the flu. Sometimes acute bronchitis is caused by bacteria. Acute bronchitis also can be caused by breathing in things that irritate the bronchial tubes, such as smoke. It also can happen if a person inhales food or vomit into the lungs.

Sleep Problems

 Sleep related breathing disorders are a group of disorders that affect our breathing while we are asleep, and are characterized by disruptions of normal breathing patterns that only occur during sleep. Therefore, the person with the disorder may be the last to know he or she has a problem. Sleep related breathing disorders constitute a subset of the broad group of sleep disorders that include many other disorders such as insomnia, hypersomnias and sleep apnea.

Pulmonary Disease: Tuberculosis   

Tuberculosis Symptom and Causes

TB is an infectious disease that usually affects the lungs. It is the second greatest killer due to a single infectious agent worldwide, and in 2012, 1.3 million people died from the disease, with 8.6 million falling ill. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium causes TB. It is spread through the air from person to person, when people with TB affecting the lungs cough, sneeze, spit, laugh or talk. TB is contagious, but it is not easy to catch. The chances of catching TB from someone you live or work with are much higher than from a stranger. The symptoms include Coughing, chills, Fatigue, Fever, Loss of Weight, Loss of appetite, Night sweats.

 Pulmonary Tuberculosis

 Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious bacterial infection that involves the lungs. It may spread to other organs. Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. You can get TB by breathing in air droplets from a cough or sneeze of an infected person. The resulting lung infection is called primary TB. Most people recover from primary TB infection without further evidence of the disease. The infection may stay inactive for years. In some people, it becomes active again.

 Diagnostics and Treatment

Tuberculosis is diagnosed by finding Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria in a clinical specimen taken from the patient. While other investigations may strongly suggest tuberculosis as the diagnosis, they cannot confirm it. A complete medical evaluation for tuberculosis (TB) must include a medical history, a physical examination, a chest X-ray and microbiological examination It may also include a tuberculin skin test, other scans and X-rays, surgical biopsy.

 Prevention through novel techniques

 Prevention includes staying at home during the period of infection, Ventilate the room so that the air carries the germs away and it is not infecting the other members who are in the house. Cover the mouth with some covering agent so that it does not spread to the person who is close. Surgical mask is a must during the first three weeks of infection.

Vaccination and Control

In some countries where tuberculosis is common infants are vaccinated with Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine because it can prevent severe tuberculosis in children. This vaccine is not recommended for general use in the United States because it isn’t very effective in adults.

Pulmonary Disease: Pneumonia     

Symptom and Causes

The symptoms of Pneumonia include Fever, with or without chills, Muscle aches, Fatigue, Enlarged lymph nodes in the neck, Chest pain, Sore throat, Coughing. There may or may not be symptoms like Laboured or rapid breathing, Fever, Cough, Wheezing, Bluish skin, lips or fingerprints.

Many germs can cause pneumonia. The most common are bacteria and viruses in the air we breathe. Your body usually prevents these germs from infecting your lungs. But sometimes these germs can overpower your immune system, even if your health is generally good.

Epidemiology of Pneumonia

Pneumonia is a common illness in all parts of the world. It is a major cause of death among all age groups. In children, many of these deaths occur in the new-born period. The World Health Organization estimates that one in three new-born infant deaths are due to pneumonia. Over two million children under five die each year worldwide. WHO also estimates that up to 1 million of these (vaccine preventable) deaths are caused by the bacteria ''Streptococcus pneumoniae'', and over 90% of these deaths take place in developing countries. Mortality from pneumonia generally decreases with age until late adulthood. Elderly individuals, however, are at particular risk for pneumonia and associated mortality.

 Diagnostics and Treatment

The Diagnostics of Pneumonia includes Chest X-ray, Blood tests, Pulse oximetry, Sputum test, Pleural fluid culture and CT scan. Doctors use antibiotics to treat pneumonia caused by bacteria, the most common cause of the condition. Antibiotics have a high cure rate for pneumonia. Doctor will choose the antibiotic based on a number of things, including the age, symptoms and how severity of disease. The number of days that the medication has to be taken depends upon the age of that particular person, severity of the disease and the health conditions.

Treatment Precautions and Care

The precautions include hand hygiene in which the hands are cleaned with soaps or any alcohol based hand wash. Personal protective equipment is always needed to protect these kinds of diseases. In case of handling a patient at most care has to be taken, a glove has to be worn, hands have to be washed properly and all kinds of basic precautions has to be taken.

Vaccination and Control

 Pneumococcal vaccination is a method of preventing a specific type of lung infection that is caused by pneumococcus bacterium. There are more than 80 different types of pneumococcus bacteria 23 of them covered by the vaccine. The vaccine is injected into the body to stimulate the normal immune system to produce antibodies that are directed against pneumococcus bacteria. This method of stimulating the normal immune system to be directed against a specific microbe is called immunization. Pneumococcal vaccination is also referred to as pneumococcal immunization.

 Prognosis and Clinical Practices

Pneumonia is the sixth most common cause of death in the United States. It is the top cause of death from infection. Most people with pneumonia improve with antibiotics. Some people develop complications such as sepsis, meningitis, and lung failure. Many of these people die, there is no way to predict who is at risk for severe complications. However, the elderly, those with chronic medical conditions, those with lowered immunity, and those that have had a bone marrow or organ transplant have a higher risk for complications.

Lung Cancer and Treatment Strategies    

Symptom and Causes

The most common symptoms of lung cancer are:

A cough that does not go away or gets worse, Chest pain that is often worse with deep breathing, coughing, or laughing, Hoarseness, Weight loss and loss of appetite, Coughing up blood or rust-colored sputum, Shortness of breath, Feeling tired or weak.

Causes: Cigarette smoking is the main cause of lung cancer. But pipe and cigar smokers are still much more likely to get lung cancer than non-smokers. Passive increases the risk of lung cancer, but it is still much less than if you smoke yourself. There are other causes of lung cancer some of them are staying in asbestos for a long time, radiation to which the body is exposed to and there is a unique reason by which the gene of a particular person gets altered by itself which is referred to as mutation by which a person automatically develops cancer.

Pathogenesis and Screening

Community-acquired pneumonia causes large numbers of hospital admissions each year. Although the incidence varies greatly in different geographic and socioeconomic settings, in the United States it has been found to cause 10–15 cases per 100,000 population annually, predominating in the very young and the elderly. Hospitalization may be required in as many as 25% of cases.      

The purpose of screening is early diagnosis and treatment. Screening tests are usually administered to people without current symptoms, but who may be at high risk for certain diseases or conditions. There are no screening tests or screening guidelines available for pneumonia. Pneumonia is usually diagnosed when symptoms arise.            

Types of Lung Cancer

There are two major types of lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer staging lung cancer is based on whether the cancer is local or has spread from the lungs to the lymph nodes or other organs. Because the lungs are large, tumors can grow in them for a long time before they are found. Even when symptoms such as coughing and fatigue do occur, people think they are due to other causes. For this reason, early-stage lung cancer is difficult to detect. Most people with lung cancer are diagnosed at stages III and IV.

 Diagnostics and Treatment methods

 If a routine physical exam reveals swollen lymph nodes above the collarbone, a mass in the abdomen, weak breathing, abnormal sounds in the lungs, dullness when the chest is tapped, abnormalities of the pupils, weakness or swollen veins in one of the arms, or even changes in the fingernails, a doctor may suspect a lung tumor. Some lung cancers produce abnormally high blood levels of certain hormones or substances, such as calcium. If a person shows such evidence and no other cause is apparent, a doctor should consider lung cancer.

 Radiotherapy & Chemotherapy

Radiation therapy uses targeted energy to destroy cancer cells, shrink tumors, and/or alleviate certain cancer-related symptoms. It may be used as a primary treatment to destroy cancer cells, in combination with other treatments to stop the growth of cancer cells, before another treatment to shrink a tumor, after another treatment to stop the growth of any remaining cancer cells and to relieve symptoms of advanced cancer.

Chemotherapy means using anti-cancer drugs to destroy cancer cells. These work by disrupting the growth of cancer cells. Chemotherapy drugs circulate in the bloodstream around the body. So they can treat cells that have broken away from the lung tumour and spread to other parts of the body even if they are too small to see on scans. This microscopic spread often happens even in the early stages of small cell lung cancer.

Respiratory Tract and Associated Defence Mechanisms

Respiratory Tract Infections

Respiratory tract infections (RTI) are the infections which include the infections in sinuses, throat, airways or lungs. RTIs can spread in several ways. If you have an infection such as a cold, tiny droplets of fluid containing the cold virus are launched into the air whenever you sneeze or cough. If these are breathed in by someone else, they may also become infected.

Infections can also be spread through indirect contact. The best way to prevent spreading infections is to practise good hygiene, such as regularly washing your hands with soap and warm water.

Breathing and Respiration

Breathing is a process that enables air to be brought into the body from outside and then pass it through the blood which acts a fuel for the tissues. There is a simple but complicated process which enables the person to control the breathing automatically.

Respiration is nothing the same thing as breathing. That is more properly called ventilation. Instead, respiration is a chemical process in which energy is released from food substances, such as glucose. The energy which is released from the process of respiration is used to make larger molecules from smaller ones.

Occupational Pulmonary Diseases & Prevention

 The person who is working in a place which is filled with dusts, fumes, smoke, gas, vapours or mists have a greater risk of getting infected with Pulmonary diseases. Workers who smoke are at a much greater risk of lung disease if they are exposed to substances in the workplace that can cause lung disease. Outside air pollution also can increase the risk of lung disease in people who work in jobs that expose them to substances that can cause lung disease.

Prevention from these types of exposure to substances that cause diseases include covering the mouth and nose. It will be better if the person uses a respirator. Increase the ventilation of the working place. Local exhaust ventilation can be used to remove polluted air at the point where it is generated by a hazardous process or machine.

Alveolar Sac Autoimmune Mechanism

An alveolar macrophage is a type of macrophage found in the pulmonary alveolus, near the pneumocytes, but separated from the wall. Activity of the alveolar macrophage is relatively high, because they are located at one of the major boundaries between the body and the outside world. The respiratory pathway is a prime site for exposure to pathogens and toxic substances. Inhaled air may contain particles or organisms which would be pathogenic. When these offensive agents infiltrate the superficial barriers, the body's immune system responds in an orchestrated defence involving a litany of specialized cells which target the threat, neutralize it, and clean up the remnants of the battle.

Infection Defence Mechanisms

The human lung has an exquisitely effective and complex defence against infections. Mucus prevents attachment of bacteria to the epithelium, and those bacteria that cannot cross the mucus are cleared by exhalation or by the mucus-ciliary escalator. Alveolar macrophages dispatch microbes that reach the peripheral barriers of the lung. The pulmonary phagocytic system immobilizes, kills, and walls off invading bacteria. The phagocytic system, developed in bone marrow, includes alveolar macrophages, granulocytes, and monocytes. The phagocytic system is amplified by humoral factors, including inflammatory mediators, acute-phase reactants, and opsonins that allow rapid engulfment and killing of microbes.

Physical methods for Medical Care

Respiratory therapists use several different techniques to help treat lung disease, including postural drainage, suctioning, and breathing exercises. The choice of therapy is based on the underlying disease and the person's overall condition. There are several physical methods available for medical care one of the treatment is Postural Drainage. In postural drainage, the person is tilted or propped at an angle selected to help drain secretions from the lungs. The chest or back may also be clapped with a cupped hand to help loosen secretions a technique called chest percussion.

 Biological and Pathological Effects          

Digital Cancer Pathology and imaging

The development of small molecule inhibitors of growth factor receptors, and the discovery of somatic mutations of the tyrosine kinase domain, have resulted in new paradigms for cancer therapy. Digital microscopy is an important tool for surgical pathologists. The achievements in the digital pathology field have modified the workflow of pathomorphology labs, enhanced the pathologist's role in diagnostics, and increased their contribution to personalized targeted medicine. Digital image analysis is now available in a variety of platforms to improve quantification performance of diagnostic pathology. Cancer imaging can also be done in order to find the extent of cancer and it spreading.

Chemotherapy and biological therapeutics

Chemotherapy is the use of anticancer drugs designed to slow or stop the growth of rapidly dividing cancer cells in the body. Chemotherapy can be used as a primary treatment to destroy cancer cells. It is also used to relieve symptoms of advanced cancer. Chemical treatment can also be done before another treatment to shrink a tumour.

Personalized genomics and clinical biomarkers

Personalized genomics include checking the lungs once in a year whether it is prone to lung cancer or not. If it is prone to have lung cancer preventive measure can be done to prevent it before it could come into action. Biomarkers for lung cancer may be used for risk stratification, early detection, treatment selection, prognostication and monitoring for recurrence. All these areas of clinical management would benefit from sensitive and specific, noninvasive, cost-effective biomarkers. Much progress has been made in the last 3 years in the identification and validation of new biomarkers for the early diagnosis of lung cancer. The biomarkers require additional studies before they can be used clinically.

Hereditary Syndromes and Genetic Defects

Many cases of cancer occur in a family, it is most often due to chance or because family members have been exposed to a common toxin, such as cigarette smoking. Less often, these cancers may be caused by an inherited gene mutation causing a family cancer syndrome. Cancer in a close relative, like a parent or sibling, is more cause for concern than cancer in a more distant relative. Even if the cancer was from a gene mutation, the chance of it passing on to another person gets lower with more distant relatives.

IGA Deficit Recurrent Respiratory Tract Infections

Most patients with IgA and/or IgG subclass deficiency are asymptomatic but some may suffer from frequent mainly respiratory infections. . Serum IgA and IgG subclass levels were measured in 225 children aged 6 months to 6 years with recurrent sinopulmonary infections. In order to determine chronic pulmonary damage due to recurrent infections in patients with recurrent pulmonary infections CT scans of thorax were also obtained. The overall frequency of antibody defects was found to be 19.1%. IgA deficiency was observed in 9.3%. Chronic pulmonary damage in lungs was determined radiologically in 17 of 100 cases with recurrent pulmonary infection.

Modulation of Biodefense Responses to Bacterial Pathogens

The central hypothesis is that early events during activation of the mucosal innate and adaptive immune responses determine whether or not immunity or injury is induced in response to infection, or bacterial toxin exposure, respectively. Human disease can be easily spread by deliberate or accidental contamination of food, water, or air, our focus is on mucosal tissues at the interface with environmental exposure.

Advanced Diagnostic Techniques for Lung Disorders   

X-Ray and Echocardiogram

On a chest x-ray lung abnormalities will either present as areas of increased density or as areas of decreased density. Lung abnormalities with an increased density are also called opacities and these are the most common. Although routine follow-up chest X-rays are not usually done, many doctors advise smokers and recent ex-smokers to have this test every 1 to 2 years. Echocardiogram is a painless 10-minute procedure, which is performed by placing six electrodes on your chest and one electrode on each of your four limbs. Echocardiogram uses sound waves to visualize the heart. It can produce still images of the heart's structures, as well as videos that show how the heart is functioning. This test can be used to assess abnormal pressures in the right and left sides of the heart.

Pulmonary Function Testing (PFT)

Pulmonary Function Testing is a complete evaluation of the respiratory system including patient history, physical examinations, chest x-ray examinations, arterial blood gas analysis, and tests of pulmonary function. The primary purpose of pulmonary function testing is to identify the severity of pulmonary impairment. Pulmonary function testing has diagnostic and therapeutic roles and helps clinicians answer some general questions about patients with lung disease. PFTs are normally performed by a respiratory therapist.

COPD Testing: Spirometry and Arterial blood gas test

Spirometry is the simplest lung function test that can be done. It can even be done in a doctor’s office, if he/she has the right equipment. Spirometry measures, how much air that a person can breathe in and out and how fast you can breathe out that volume of air.

The red blood cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, blood gases throughout the body. The oxygen and carbon dioxide levels of your blood and the pH balance of your blood can indicate the presence of certain medical conditions, such as cardiac, lung or kidney disorders and the presence or status of other critical conditions such as uncontrolled diabetes, haemorrhage, drug overdose and shock.

The blood gas analysis or arterial blood gas (ABG) test is to determine your levels. This test requires collecting a small amount of blood from an artery and reading the results within 10 minutes. Knowing the blood’s pH balance and oxygen and carbon dioxide levels helps the doctor understand how well the lungs and kidneys function. Identifying imbalances in the pH and blood gas levels can provide an early warning about how the body is handling illness.

Fine needle biopsy (FNA)

Fine-needle aspiration biopsy or fine-needle aspiration cytology is a diagnostic procedure used to investigate superficial lumps or masses. In this technique, a thin, hollow needle is inserted into the mass for sampling of cells that, after being stained, will be examined under a microscope. There could be cytology exam of aspirate  or histological Fine-needle aspiration biopsies are very safe, minor surgical procedures. A needle aspiration biopsy is safer and less traumatic than an open surgical biopsy, and significant complications are usually rare, depending on the body site. Common complications include bruising and soreness.

Bronchoscopy and Thoracoscopy

Bronchoscopy is an endoscopic technique of visualizing the inside of the airways for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. An instrument is inserted into the airways, usually through the nose or mouth, or occasionally through a tracheostomy. This allows the practitioner to examine the patient's airways for abnormalities such as foreign bodies, bleeding, tumours, or inflammation.

Thoracoscopy is a medical procedure involving internal examination, biopsy, and/or resection of disease or masses within the pleural cavity and thoracic cavity. Thoracoscopy may be performed either under general anaesthesia or under sedation with local anaesthetic.

Lung Transplant and Nursing Care

Lung transplantation or pulmonary transplantation is a surgical procedure in which a patient's diseased lungs are partially or totally replaced by lungs which come from a donor. Donor lungs can be retrieved from a living donor or a deceased donor. A living donor can only donate one lung lobe. With some lung diseases a recipient may only need to receive a single lung. With other lung diseases such as cystic fibrosis it is imperative that a recipient receive two lungs. Immediately following the surgery, the patient is placed in an intensive care unit for monitoring, normally for a period of a few days. The patient is put on a ventilator to assist breathing. Nutritional needs are generally met via total parenteral nutrition, although in some cases a nasogastric tube is sufficient for feeding.

 Prevention, Cure and Control Management of Lung Disorders         

ILD Prevention

Avoiding potential triggers of ILD is crucial. Wearing appropriate masks and monitoring exposure to irritants in certain work environments (for example, mining and jobs that involve working with asbestos or metal dusts) are important precautions to take.

Palliative Care and COPD

Palliative care is a multidisciplinary approach to specialised medical care for people with serious illnesses. It focuses on providing patients with relief from the symptoms, pain, physical stress, and mental stress of a serious illness whatever the diagnosis. The goal of such therapy is to improve quality of life for both the patient and the family. COPD is a common chronic disease which causes significant mortality and morbidity. The characteristic symptoms are worsening breathlessness and exercise limitation, and progressive deterioration of health status eventually leading to death. The management of patients should be shared between primary and secondary care, with multidisciplinary teams being involved at an early stage. Patients and their families require honest and clear communication about the condition and what to expect in the future.

 Complementary Therapies and Pulmonary Rehabilitation

 Pulmonary rehabilitation, also called pulmonary rehab or PR, is a broad program that helps improve the well-being of people who have chronic breathing problems. PR also can benefit people who need lung surgery, both before and after the surgery. This includes exercise training, nutritional counselling, education on the lung disease or condition and how to manage it, energy-conserving techniques, breathing strategies, psychological counselling and/or group support.

Surgery and Clinical Trials

In some of these cases, doctors may suggest lung surgery to improve breathing. Not everyone is a candidate for lung surgery. Some surgical procedures require that the damage in the lungs must be in an area that is localized (a specific area) and can be removed. The decision for surgery is based on the results of many tests. Clinical trials for that study depends upon various aspects such as the type of disease that a particular person has, severity of the disease, genetic make-up of that particular person etc. If all the aspects mentioned above are satisfied a person is prescribed for clinical trial.

Smoking Cessation

Smoking cessation is the process of discontinuing tobacco smoking. Tobacco contains nicotine, which is addictive, making the process of quitting often very prolonged and difficult. Smoking is the leading preventable cause of death worldwide, and quitting smoking significantly reduces the risk of dying from tobacco-related diseases such as heart disease and lung cancer. Seventy percent of smokers would like to quit smoking, and 50 percent report attempting to quit within the past year.

Vaccination and Prevention Cure

There are different types of vaccination some of them are flu vaccination, Pneumococcal vaccination. The flu vaccination is very important for people who are at risk of developing a serious infection. Having a lung disease increases the risk of serious infection, complications and hospitalisation from flu. The pneumococcal vaccine protects against the most common bacterial cause of pneumonia. Pneumonia is an infection of the lung. It usually has a sudden onset and causes symptoms such as fever, cough, and difficulty breathing.

Novel and Futuristic Research Aspects and Clinical Trials     

Clinical Trials: Smoking and Tobacco

Clinical trials are the “gold standard” of research, meaning they are the best way to figure out if certain treatments are effective. There are many studies in progress to help determine the best treatments for smoking cessation. Participating in a study may give the earlier access to new treatments that can help people quit smoking and the use of tobacco.

Clinical Trials to Screen for Small Cell Lung Cancer

Screening examinations are tests performed to find disease before symptoms begin. The goal of screening is to detect disease at its earliest and most treatable stage. In order to be widely accepted and recommended by medical practitioners, a screening program must meet a number of criteria, including reducing the number of deaths from the given disease. A number of clinical trials are also being conducted around the world to test the effectiveness of genomics in treating small cell lung cancer. If the molecular makeup of the tumour matches with certain eligibility criteria, the doctor may offer the person an opportunity to participate in the study.

Clinical Trials to Prevent Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Not all lung cancers can be prevented, but there are some ways you can reduce your risk of getting lung cancer. The best way to reduce your risk of lung cancer is not to smoke and to avoid breathing in other people’s smoke. If lung cancer is found, taking part in one of the many clinical trials being done to improve treatment should be considered. Clinical trials are taking place in most parts of the country for patients with all stages of non-small cell lung cancer.

Pneumonia Vaccination and Drug Targeting

Pneumococcal vaccination is a method of preventing a specific type of lung infection that is caused by pneumococcus bacterium. There are more than 80 different types of pneumococcus bacteria. The vaccine is injected into the body to stimulate the normal immune system to produce antibodies that are directed against pneumococcus bacteria.

Future Prescribed Drugs for Tuberculosis

The TB drug market is associated with insufficient profit opportunity or investment return to instigate pharmaceutical industries to develop new drugs. The cost of developing a new drug is estimated at $115 to $240 million. To be profitable, market prices of new drugs should be relatively high, whereas the cost of the standard regimen is only about $11 per patient. In response to the reluctance of pharmaceutical industries, governments and nongovernmental organizations have started to invest in TB drug research and development. . Hence development in the future research in this area of research is highly expected. 

Geographically, the market for Pulmonologists, Respiratory disorders and biomarkers can be segmented into four regions namely North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of the World. Currently North America and Europe account for the largest share of the market. It has been estimated that approximately 8.7 million people are suffering from Pulmonary or Respiratory system disorders such as COPD, Lung Cancer, Pneumonia, Chronic Bronchitis and sleep disorders and others. The global market for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) prescription drugs was valued at $34.9 billion in 2011. This figure is projected to reach $38 billion in 2012 and $47.1 billion in 2017, increasing at a five-year compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.4%. According to the Centers for Disease control and Management in the U.S. about 1 in 4 adults suffer from respiratory disorders every year, with almost 6.8% of the population suffer from serious illness. The idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) therapy market across the US and EU will surpass $1 billion by 2017, and pharma companies could stand to benefit handsomely if they can add to the limited knowledge of the disease, states new analysis by research and consulting firm Global Data.

The new research states that over 70,000 people in the US and EU are thought to suffer from IPF, representing a commercially attractive patient population size with a financially appealing orphan drug status Global Data expects IPF therapy sales across the US, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the UK to rise from $49m in 2012 to over $1.1 billion by 2017, at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 86.6%. The EU has so far dominated the IPF market, but the US is set to reclaim market share in the future.

The IPF therapeutics market in the US is predicted to grow from a value of $6.5m in 2012 to $696m in 2017, at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 154%. Thus, for the diagnosis of these disorders rapidly new methods are being developed for more patients centered and personalized treatment. In the near future Asia-Pacific region is expected to witness significant growth to meet the massive unmet need for early diagnosis and disease monitoring. . According to study, Market Value for Pulmonology will be more than expected as nearly 14.1% of the world’s population will be affected by respiratory disorders by 2020 thus triggering manufacturers to undertake this market. A major part of research is going on the top Universities on Pulmonology and Respiratory disorders across the globe. Many companies are associated with various diagnostic instruments and other therapeutics. Besides this various societies and research labs are also associated in this research field.

According to the study, the global pulmonary drug delivery systems market is anticipated to grow from a value of US$21.0 bn in 2012 to US$28.7 bn in 2019, at a 4.50% CAGR during that period. The primary factor propelling the pulmonary drug delivery systems market is the rising incidence of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and cystic fibrosis. According to the World Health Organization, in 2012, over 3 mn people died of COPD, amounting to 6.0% of all deaths that occurred around the globe that year. By 2030, this disease is estimated to become the third leading cause of death worldwide. WHO also states that an estimated 235 mn people presently suffer from asthma, the most common non-communicable disease among children. The U.S. Cystic Fibrosis Foundation reveals that an estimated 70,000 people worldwide and 30,000 people in the U.S. are living with cystic fibrosis. Each year, approximately 1,000 new cases of cystic fibrosis are diagnosed.

Lung-2015

We would like to thank all of our wonderful speakers, conference attendees, students, associations and guests for making Lung 2015 a wonderful event!

International Conference and Exhibition on Lung Disorders & Therapeutics was organized by OMICS International, during July 13 15, 2015 in Baltimore, USA. We successfully hosted the event at the conference venue. Active participation and generous response were received from the Organizing Committee Members, Editorial Board Members of OMICS Group Journals, scientists, researchers, as well as experts from Lung Disorders and students from diverse groups who made this conference as one of the most successful and productive events in 2015 from OMICS Group. It is the world’s meeting that is dedicated to lung disorders and other thoracic malignancies.

The conference was marked with the attendance of young and brilliant researchers, business delegates and talented student communities representing more than 35 countries, who have driven this event into the path of success. 

The conference was initiated with a warm welcome note from Honorable guests and the Keynote forum lead by Dr. Janet M Urban Motivator Tobacco Treatment and Wellness Services, USA honorable Moderator for the conference.

Various sessions were carried out with multiple presentations from speakers all around the world. Major Sessions to be discussed were:

·         Lung and Metabolism

·         Lung Infections

·         Lung Disorders

·         Pulmonary Disease: Tuberculosis

·         Pulmonary Disease: Pneumonia

·         Lung Cancer and Treatment Strategies

·         Respiratory Tract and Associated Defense Mechanisms

·         Biological and Pathological Effects

·         Advanced Diagnostic Techniques for Lung Disorders

·         Prevention, Cure and Control Management of Lung Disorders

·         Novel and Futuristic Research Aspects and Clinical Trials

The conference witnessed an amalgamation of peerless speakers, who enlightened the crowd with their enviable research knowledge and on various alluring topics related to the field of lungs, carried out through various scientific sessions and plenary lectures:

 Extracellular purines in lung endothelial barrier regulation Dr. Alexander D Verin Georgia Regents          University, USA

Airway Passages Narrowness and Pressure Oscillation Dr. Ahmed Al Jumaily, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand

Smoking cessation: A review of the literature Dr. Janet M Urban, Motivator Tobacco Treatment and Wellness Services, USA

The role of necroptosis in the pathogenesis of lung injury following kidney transplant andbeyond Dr. Daqing Ma, Imperial College London, UK

TB or not TB that is the question Understanding and diagnosing TB using metabolomics Dr. Du Toit Loots, North West University, South Africa