3^rd Global Geologists Annual Meeting

Geophysics is a branch of science that deals with the physical movements and forces of the Earth such as atmosphere, including oceanography, seismology, volcanology, and geomagnetism. Geodynamics is a subfield of geophysics dealing with dynamics of the Earth. It applies physics, chemistry and mathematics to the understanding of how mantle convection leads to plate tectonics and geologic phenomena such as seafloor spreading, mountain building, volcanoes, earthquakes, faulting and so on. It also attempts to probe the internal activity by measuring magnetic fields, gravity, and seismic waves, as well as the mineralogy of rocks and their isotopic composition. Methods of geodynamics are also applied to exploration of other planets.

Hydrogeology is a branch of geology which includes the study of rocks and the structures that are formed over past periods of time. Hydrogeology is important now a days as some parts of the world are blessed with frequent rainfall and plentiful surface water resources, but most countries need to use the water that is stored underground to supplement their needs. Hydro geologists can help by locating suitable reserves and by assessing how much water it is possible to extract without permanently damaging underground aquifers or surrounding ecosystems. Groundwater is a global resource of fundamental significance. Seventy-five per cent of the world’s water supply is provided from groundwater.

Many of the world’s regions and nations are close to 100% dependent on groundwater for water supply, including most of the world’s mega-cities, and the under-developed rural areas of Asia, Africa and South America. Also, groundwater is the world’s primary source for irrigation, crucial for global food security; and groundwater supports the springs, streams and rivers that underpin many ecologically significant wetland habitats. Hydrogeology is the study of the geological and hydrological processes that control groundwater flow and groundwater quality, and is therefore a primary component of any environmental geoscience programme. Hydrogeological research provides the scientific foundation for managing and protecting the world’s groundwater resources.

Mineralogy is the branch of geology concerned with the study of minerals. A mineral is a naturally occurring, homogeneous solid with a definite chemical composition and a highly ordered atomic structure. Crystallography, for example, is the study of the crystal lattice structure of minerals. The shape of the crystal, as well as how tightly packed the atoms are in the crystal, help determine the physical properties of the mineral. Crystal chemistry is the branch of mineralogy that deals with how the chemical composition of a mineral relates to its crystal structure.

Physical mineralogy is concerned with the physical properties and descriptions of minerals. Minerals can be described using several physical attributes, including hardness, specific gravity, luster, color, streak, and cleavage. 

Mining geology is an applied science which combines the principles of economic geology and mining engineering to the development of a defined mineral resource. Mining geologists and engineers work to develop an identified ore deposit to economically extract the ore. The essence of mining in extracting mineral wealth from the earth is to drive an  excavation  or  excavations  from  the  surface  to  the  mineral  deposit. when  the  economic profitability  of  a mineral  deposit  has  been  established  with  some  confidence, ore or ore deposit is  preferred  as  the  descriptive  term  for  the  mineral  occurrence. According to mining market survey,  It  has  been  estimated  that  only  a  fraction  of  1%  of  the  earth’s  surface  is underlain  with  mineral  deposits  of  commercial  value.  From this resource, the United States extracted nearly 60 billion in mineral values in 1997: worth  of  industrial  minerals,$20  billion  worth  of  coal, and  $12  billion  worth of metals. 

Seismology is science dealing with all aspects of earthquakes. Seismology is the study of earthquakes and seismic waves that move through and around the earth. A seismologist is a scientist who studies earthquakes and seismic waves. Seismic waves are the waves of energy caused by the sudden breaking of rock within the earth or an explosion.

There are three types of seismic waves Body waves, surface waves, Normal mode.Observational Seismology is Recording earthquakes (microseismology), Cataloguing earthquakes, Observing earthquake effects (macroseismology), Engineering Seismology is Estimation of seismic hazard and risk and Aseismic building. Physical Seismology Is the Study of the properties of the Earth’s interior and Study of physical characteristics of seismic sources.

Volcanology is the study of volcanoes, lava, magma, and related geological, geophysical and geochemical phenomena. The term volcanology is derived from the Latin word vulcan. A volcano is a vent in earths crusts through which lava, stream, ashes etc are expelled.

When tectonic plates collide and go through the process of subduction,it sets the foundation for a volcano.The overlapping of the tectonic plates cause the magma to break through the crust,which is the cause of a volcanoes’birth. Volcanoes erupt  wii occur when Hot, molten rock (magma) is buoyant (has a lower density than the surrounding rocks) and will rise up through the crust to erupt on the surface. When magma reaches the surface it depends on how easily it flows (viscosity) and the amount of gas (H₂O, CO₂, S) it has in it as to how it erupts. Large amounts of gas and a high viscosity (sticky) magma will form an explosive eruption. Small amounts of gas and (or) low viscosity (runny) magma will form an effusive eruption (lava flow).

Explosive volcanic eruptions can be catastrophic. This Erupt 10’s-1000’s km³ of magmaAnd it send ash to the cloud >25 km into the stratosphere. Volcanic Hazards are pyroclastic flow, Lahars/Mud flows, Pyroclastic fall, Lava flow, Noxious Gas, Earthquakes.

Planetary Geology is the branch of geology specifically devoted to the study of objects other than Earth. In it we bring to bear many of the major geologic disciplines used to study Earth, including Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geomorphology, Volcanology and Sedimentology. It is also known as astrogeology or exogeology, is a planetary science discipline concerned with the geology of the celestial bodies such as the planets and their moons, asteroids, comets, and meteorites. This study is devoted to the study of structure, composition, processes, and origin of major and minor planetary bodies in our solar system and beyond, and to the effects of interaction between planetary bodies within our solar system.

Planetary geology studies usually relate to the quest for an understanding of the geological history of the body from its formation during accretion from the early solar nebula to its present condition. Planetary research is closely linked to experiments and instrument-related activities, including scientific and technical proposals for planetary space missions, instrument design, test activities and instrument calibration. The interior structure and evolution of planetary bodies are affected by endogenic processes acting deep inside the body and manifesting themselves at the surface through various geological and tectonic features. These can be identified and remotely sensed by using space probes carrying scientific instruments close to a target planet.

Environmental geoscience research focuses on the physical and chemical processes occurring at or near the Earth’s surface and how they are impacted by human activities. Specifically, research in the department focuses on the fate and transport of metals and radionuclides in the environment, on the assessment of surface and ground water resources, aqueous and organic geochemistry, and coastal and riparian processes. Issues of environmental change on local to global scales can be placed into an earth systems science perspective by first examining the evolution and structure of our planet’s atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere, and how these systems naturally interact. Emphasis is placed on understanding biogeochemical cycles. From this perspective we can better evaluate the effects of anthropogenic perturbations on systems, such as the introduction of pollutants in groundwater or land degradation associated with agriculture. Our readings center on climate, water, carbon and energy and the choices we need to make for a sustainable future.

Environmental Earth Sciences and Geology combines tools provided by Physics, Chemistry, Biology and others to study the geologic environment and to use the accompanying principles in solving environmental problems. By studying all layers of the Earth, atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere, this discipline manages to study the interaction of the human with the environment, to identify the issues that we are confronted with and to find means and ways to solve or minimize those issues.

Economic geology is the study of the formation and extraction of earth materials that are currently valuable and will be valuable in the future. These materials are known as economically valuable materials are generally called mineral resources and include minerals and ore deposits. Economic geology deals with metal ores, fossil fuels and other materials of commercial value, such as salt, gypsum, and building stonne.

According to Geological market Survey The area north of the Arctic Circle has an estimated 90 billion barrels of undiscovered, technically recoverable oil, 1,670 trillion cubic feet of technically recoverable natural gas, and 44 billion barrels of technically recoverable natural gas liquids in 25 geologically defined areas thought to have potential for petroleum. These resources account for about 22 % of the undiscovered, technically recoverable resources in the world. Geoscience Australia has been allocated $61 million in on-going funding to identify opportunities for oil discovery and collect seismic data.

Asia-Pacific's iron ore consumption increased from 348.2 million metric tons in 2000 to an estimated 1.6 billion metric tons in 2011. During 2012-2020, iron ore consumption in Asia is expected to increase at a CAGR of 5.2% to reach 2.6 billion metric tons in 2020. This is owing to rising demand from the steel industries of China and India, which are expected to account for a combined demand of 2.3 billion metric tons of iron ore by 2020.

North America is home to substantial high-grade iron ore reserves and, according to the United States Geological Survey (USGS) 2011, the region contributed around 13.2 billion metric tons towards global iron ore reserves at the end of 2010, accounting for an 8% share of total global reserves. The US, with potential reserves of 6.9 billion metric tons, or around 4% of the global iron ore reserves, has the largest iron ore reserves in the region, followed by Canada with a 3.6% share of the global reserves.

Geologists- 2016 facilitates a unique platform for transforming potential ideas into great business. The present meeting creates a global platform to connect global Entrepreneurs, Proposers and the Investors in the field of Geology and its allied sciences. This investment meet facilitates the most optimized and viable business for engaging people in to constructive discussions, evaluation and execution of promising business.

A geological survey is the systematic investigation of the geology beneath a given piece of ground for the purpose of creating a geological map or model. Geological surveying employs techniques from the traditional walk-over survey, studying outcrops and landforms, to intrusive methods, such as hand auguring and machine-driven boreholes, to the use of geophysical techniques and remote sensing methods, such as aerial photography and satellite imagery. Such surveys may be undertaken by state, province, or national geological survey organizations to maintain the geological inventory and advance the knowledge of geosciences for the benefit of the nation. A geological survey map typically superimposes the surveyed extent and boundaries of geological units on a topographic map, together with information at points (such as measurements of orientation of bedding planes) and lines (such as the intersection of faults with the land surface). 

Engineering geology is the application of the geological sciences to engineering study for the purpose of assuring that the geological factors regarding the location, design, construction, operation and maintenance of engineering works are recognized and accounted for. Engineering geologists provide geological and geotechnical recommendations, analysis, and design associated with human development and various types of structures.

Engineering geology research has focused on stability of highway cuts, mine waste embankment stability and design, landslide hazards, watershed and urban hydrology and geochemistry affected by acid mine drainage, and properties of soil and rock material as related to their engineering behavior.