7^th Global Neurologists Annual Meeting on Neurology and Neuro Surgery August 22-24, 2016 Vienna, Austria

Biography:

Abstract:

Aortic arch plaque (AAP) is associated with stroke and is a potential embolic source. Amarenco reported an increase of recurrent stroke in patients with complex (AAP) plaques >4mm thickness compared to simple plaques. Plaque heterogeneity and mobility play a role. We developed a noninvasive method to image AAP with B-mode sonography through the supraclavicular fossa to determine whether AAP is an etiology of stroke. B-mode correlation with transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in 37 patients showed 93.75% sensitivity, 80.95% specifiticy, 78.95% positive predictive value and 94.40% negative predictive value. In 500 consecutive patients referred for carotid duplex, the arch was visualized completely in 468, partially in 27 and not visualized in 15. Complex plaques were seen in 40 symptomatic patients and 64 asymptomatic patients, simple plaques in 131 symptomatic patients and 260 asymptomatic patients, difference not significant. Excluding patients with ipsilateral carotid stenosis and atrial fibrillation, complex plaques were seen in 24 symptomatic patients and 31 asymptomatic patients, simple plaques in 90 symptomatic patients and 188 asymptomatic patients, p = 0.075. Among patients with complex plaques, 19 heterogeneous plaques were symptomatic and 15 asymptomatic, 21 patients with homogeneous plaques were symptomatic and 46 asymptomatic p=0.037. One hundred sequential studies in 89 patients over 18 months were performed to measure a change >0.5mm. For 46 simple plaques, 77% had no growth, 10% regressed and 13% progressed. For 27 complex plaques 48% had no growth, 38% regressed and 14% progressed. Intimal thickness of AAP in 504 patients correlated linearly with presence of coronary artery disease r=0.97, p<0.001 (0-1mm 16%, 1-2mm 38%, 2-3mm 56%, 3-4mm 58%, 4-5mm 79%, 5-6mm 89%)

Conclusions: Aortic arch plaques are relatively stable. High risk aortic arch plaques are associated with heterogeneous morphology. Complex AAP are associated with generalized atherosclerosis including coronary artery disease. Sequential noninvasive imaging of AAP can have value in future studies of therapy to prevent stroke from AAP. The proposed mechanism of embolism from carotid and aortic arch plaque is plaque rupture. Ultrasound videos of carotid and aortic arch plaque rupture in acute stroke patients will be shown.

Biography:

Khaled Magdy is a fourth year medical student, has successfully participated in the course Experimental laboratory Animals "basic information & Advanced Practical Training Workshop" During the period 7th to 11th September 2014 in Medical Experimental Reserach center, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University. To fullfill his passion toward neuroscience he attended two conferences in neuroscience in the Mansoura University Faculty of Medicine.

Abstract:

Objective: the present study aimed to investigate the role of Cx43 and Hsp70 in PTZ induced seizures and the effects of ferulic acid on in rat model of PTZ-induced epilepsy. Methods: twenty four Sprague dawely rats were subdivided into 4 equal groups, a) normal group (normal rats), b) PTZ group: rats received PTZ at a dose of 50 mg/kg i.p. on alternate day till the animal became fully kindled, c) FA before group, rats received FA at a dose of 40 mg/kg daily via gastric gavage with PTZ on alternate day d)FA after group, rats FA at a dose of 40 mg/kg daily via gastric gavage from 6th dose of PTZ. The parameters measured were the Racine score, seizure duration and latency to develop kindling, immunohistopathological study for Cx43 and Hsp70 expression in hippocampus and hippocampal lipid peroxidation studies. Results: In this study, PTZ caused significant increase in oxidative stress marker (MDA), Cx43 expression and Hsp70 expression in hippocamal region with significant reduction in antioxidants GSH and CAT in hippocampal region. FA pretreatment significantly reduced the seizure severity and duration kindling in PTZ treated rats and exhibited a marked prolongation in the latencies to seizures. Also, FA pretreatment caused significant improvement in markers of oxidative stress, Cx43 expression and Hsp70 expression in hippocampal region. Although FA post-treatment caused significant improvement in seizure behavior and oxidative stress and HSP70, it did not cause any significant change in Cx43 compared to PTZ group. Conclusions: These findings may provide insights into the understanding of the mechanism of FA as an anti-kindling agent and could offer a useful support to the basic antiepileptic therapy in preventing the development of PTZ induced seizures, suggesting its potential for therapeutic applications in temporal lobe epilepsy.

Biography:

Dr. Gammoh has completed his PhD in Pharmacological Sciences at the age of 29 years from the University of Pavia-Italy. Currently, he is an assistant professor of pharmacology and therapeutics at the American University of Madaba. He has several publications in psychopharmacology and mental health among refugees.

Abstract:

Fibromyalgia is a chronic disorder characterized by chronic widespread pain, that could be accompanied by fatigue and sleep disturbances with higher prevalence in females. Psychological factors contribute largely to fibromyalgia. The American College of Rheumatology recommends the use of centrally acting drugs such as pregabalin and duloxetine to effectively alleviate the symptoms. Female war refugees represent a fragile population that is highly prone to psychological distress and possibly fibromyalgia. Therefore, the current study had three objectives: 1) To study fibromyalgia prevalence,2) To study fibromyalgia treatment trends and their concordance with the guidelines and 3) To study if there is a correlation between fibromyalgia severity and insomnia among female Syrian refugees residing in Jordan. A cross-sectional study design was performed, data from 384 Syrian female were analyzed from four medical centers in Jordan. The Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) was used to study fibromyalgia prevalence and symptoms severity, structured questions were designed to explore fibromyalgia pharmacotherapeutic trend, and the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) was used to screen insomnia. The prevalence of severe fibromyalgia was about (30%), an alarming pharmacotherapeutic inconstancy with the ACR guidelines was evident and a significant correlation between fibromyalgia and insomnia was reported. This is the first article that sheds light on fibromyalgia prevalence, its current therapy and its correlation with insomnia in refugees’ settings. The early screening and raising awareness of fibromyalgia diagnosis and treatments are highly recommended among health care professionals in order to improve the quality of life and the wellbeing of this fragile population.

Biography:

Yun Zhou is Assistant Professor at the Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, and Guest Professor of Peking University First Hospital. He obtained his M.S. in Biomathematics and Ph.D. in Biomedical Physics from University of California at Los Angeles.

Abstract:

  Brain PET is a well-established quantitative functional imaging technique to measure physiological and biochemical process. As recent advances in hybrid imaging technology, such as PET-CT and PET-MRI, for whole-body PET imaging, there are urgent needs to develop and validate technologies for quantitative whole-body PET from data acquisition to quantification. The fundamentals of quantitative PET developed in last three decades which include kinetic modeling approach and parametric imaging algorithms will be briefly reviewed. Recent developments in quantitative PET imaging on dopamine and serotonin receptors and transporters will be highlighted. Tremendous efforts have been made to extend quantitative brain or organ-specific PET to dynamic whole-body PET in last few years. We investigated the feasibility of quantitative dynamic whole-body PET via multi-bed multi-pass technology. Optimization in data acquisition and quantification were studied by both computer simulation and an ongoing multi-center multi-tracer dynamic whole-body PET project. The potentials and challenges in quantitative whole-body PET in clinical diagnosis, monitoring disease progression, responses to treatments or psychological/ pharmacological stimulations will be discussed with our promising results. 

Biography:

Abstract:

Background: Despite the signs of involvement of autonomic nervous system (ANS) in the pathomechanism of migraine, the significance of dysfunction was not fully explained. One of the parameters serving to establish a balance of both ANS parts is relation of low frequency (LF) to high frequency (HF) spectrum of heart rate variability (HRV), LF/HF ratio. HF reflects parasympathetic activity, whereas LF both sympathetic and parasympathetic activity as well as respiratory rhythm.

Aims: The aims of the study was to establish LF and HF ratio in children with migraine with aura, during rest as well as during passive tilting and also during active standing. Prospective research, approved by Bioethical Commission of Jagiellonian University, KBET/188/B/2011.

Material and methods: The examination was performed in 86 children with migraine during a headache-free period and in 32 children without headaches and syncope, constituting an age-matched control group. HRV was evaluated during rest, during a 10- min 70 degrees head-up passive tilting and during 3-min active standing test, using Task Force Monitor 3030i/3040i. Results: In 47 children with migraine with aura head-up tilt test was negative for syncope. Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) was diagnosed in 4/24 children with migraine with sensory aura, as well as in 1/39 children with migraine without aura. In 2/39 children with migraine without aura and in 2 controls head-up tilt-induced syncope occurred. Results of LF/HF ratio did not differ between groups with migraine with aura and controls, but they were significantly higher in group of 24 children with migraine with sensory aura during passive tilting. Active standing did not reveal differences of LF/HF ratio between any groups.

Conclusions: Predominance of sympathetic nervous system activity during passive head-up tilt test, as well as more common POTS in patients with migraine with sensory aura as compared with children with migraine with visual aura and healthy volunteers indicate differential autonomic reactivity. False positive result of passive tilting in healthy children may suggest a higher risk of syncope. In spite of poor orthostatic tolerance reported by patients with migraine, active standing did not reveal differences between migraine patients and healthy volunteers

Biography:

Abstract:

In our previous study on mindfulness-based stress reduction, we found an entrainment of electronic activities of brain and heart. In this study, we aimed to further identify the specific brain region which plays an important role in modulating heart beat. Sixteen participants with experience in chanting Amitofo Buddha were recruited in this emotion-related study. Fearful/neutral pictures from international affective pictures system were shown in a block-designed functional MRI (fMRI) study. Participants were asked to (1) chant Amitofo Buddha or (2) chant Santa Claus, or (3) remain silent when viewing the pictures. Physiological data like heart beat, skin conductance etc. were also recorded. FMRI data were analyzed by SPM8 and physiological data were analyzed by EEGlab. The results showed that responds of brain regions to fearful pictures were most intensive in bilateral fusiform gyri, left inferior parietal lobe, and the frontal lobe, among these regions only the activities in the fusiform gyri were significantly correlated with the heart rate. Moreover, such significant correlation only exists under condition (2) & (3), but not under condition (1) stated above. We also note that significant difference of heart beat between viewing fearful and viewing neutral pictures was found only under conditions (2) & (3). In conclusion, this analysis suggests that chanting Amitofo can reduce the emotional response to fearful events, and the correlation of fusiform brain activity and heart beat is most significant than other brain regions. This gives credit that central nervous system can interact with peripheral autonomic nerve system in emotional events.

Biography:

Abstract:

Research is a corner stone for the development of medicine. Good Medical practice is not only based on evidence, skills, knowledge and technology but also on good values and ethics in medical practice and medical research(i.e. value-based medicine). Value Based medicine is concerning about patient’s rights, Patient’s family rights, researcher’s rights and animal rights among other related subjects to ensure the best and safest ethical approach to every step in medical practice and research and to enhance the best benefit for the patients. Many scholars and philosophers recently studied the medical ethics (Bioethics) as solid science to highlight the ethics of medical practice and research and suggest the different and necessary ethical codes either on medical practice or in medical research.

The main pillars of good neurosurgical and neurology practice are based on 1, knowledge, 2. Skills and 3. Technology all these three basic elements should be integrated for the interest of the patient in a clear vision to provide that patients with state of art treatment and to create strategy to achieve this aim and draw plans in order to obtain and maintain such uncompromised goal. The vision and strategy and the medical practice should be performed within a rigid frame of values and ethics. Therefore, it is quite important to include medical ethics as one of the main subjects of different CME and training programs. The trainees should be encouraged to know about the ethics as science and art.

Medical ethics may be come under this chapter and it is based on such main ethical principles:

1.Autonomy; regarding the right of patients to choose methods of the management of their medical problem or to refuse it- (Voluntas aegroti suprema lex.).

2.Beneficence; To determine that the physician or surgeon must consider patient’s benefit as his solo goal for his relationship with patient - (Salus aegroti suprema lex.).

3.Non-maleficence: clearly means “first, do no harm” (primum non nocere).

4.Justice: concerns the application of justice , fairness and equality by all means to every patient. Every patient has the right to receive the best possible and avoidable medical care.

5.Dignity: it goes in both ways ; patient and his treating medical staff should be treated by respect and their dignity is preserved always.

6.Truthfulness and honesty: the relationship between a patient and his treating physician or surgeon should be based on honest and truthfulness.

Biography:

Abstract:

Background: Patients with chronic pain have mostly additional psychiatric diseases especially depression. The aim of this study is to determine a relation between depression and back aches.

Methods: We conducted a study between January 2015 and November 2015 at Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad that included 165 adult patient’s ≥20 years of both genders having back pain. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scores were calculated.

Results: 112/165(67.8%) females were more prone to backache with depression than males 53/165 (32.2%).Younger age group had more backache complains associated depression as compared to older groups i.e. 21-35 years had 47/67(70.1%) and 36-50 years had 50/71(70.4%) depression. On visual analogue scale 19/165 (11.5%) patients had mild, 111/165(67.2%) patients had moderate and 36/165(21.8%) patients had severe back pains. Beck depression inventory scores showed 21/165(12.1%) normal, 23/165 (13.9%) mild, 165(3%) borderline, 43/165(26%) moderate, 41/165(24.8%) severe, 32/165(19.3%) extreme depression as depicted in table 3. There was statistically significant correlation between severity of backache and severity of depression (P <0.003).

Conclusion: Depression is major co morbidity in patients with backache and should be recognized early to get an optimal response to treatment.

Key Words: Backache, Depression

Abbreviations: VAS=Visual Analogue Scale, BDI= Beck Depression Inventory

Biography:

Sima gul Ghasemi, 25 years and she is studying medicine in Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran. She has published 3 papers in neuropharmacology specially in Dementia. She is member of Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Neurogenic Inflammation and neurocognitive Research Center, School of Medicine,Mashhad University of Medical Sciences.

Abstract:

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) as the most common form of dementia is an age-related neurodegenerative disease.It is characterized by a progressive loss of memory and decline of comprehensive cognition. Hypnotic, analgesic, anticonvulsant, and antioxidant effects of Rosa damascena have been reported. This study, investigated the effect of R. damascena hydroalcoholic extract on memory performance in a scopolamine-induced memory impairment model.

The rats were divided into control group received saline; scopolamine.treatment groups were daily treated by 50 and 250 mg/ kg of R. damascena extract and were finally injected by scopolamine before each trial in Morris water maze. The brains were removed for biochemical measurements.Time latency and path length in the scopolamine group were higher than control (P < 0.01 to<0.001). Both treatment groups showed shorter traveled distance and time latency compared with scopolamine group. Time spent in target quadrant by scopolamine group was lower than control, while Sco + Ext 250 group spent longer time in target quadrant than scopolamine group .MDA concentrations in hippocampal and cortical tissues of scopolamine group were higher, while thiol concentrations were lower than control ones. Treatment by both doses of the extract decreased the MDA concentration, while increased the thiol concentration.The results showed that the hydroalcoholic extract of R. damascena prevents scopolamine-induced memory deficits. This finding suggests that memory improvement may be in part due to the antioxidant effects.

Keywords: Memory, Morris water maze, Rosa damascena, Oxidative damage, Scopolamine

Biography:

Abstract:

Although antiepileptic therapy implies constant daily medication there is a lack of the animal model that examines consequences of continuous usage of VPA during gestation on the offspring development, with the accent on VPA doses that do not induce physical anomalies of progeny. Our study was aimed to elucidate consequences of continuous maternal exposure to VPA (50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg/day) on early physical and neuromotor development of the offspring (postnatal days (PND) 5-15, NMRI mice). It is well known the remarkable similarities between human and rodent motor development, i.e. immaturity at birth and rostro-caudal gradient of motor maturation. The offspring was tested in the tail suspension test (TST) at PND 5, 10 and 15. The quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the animals’ behavior in the TST was assessed. The latency to the first immobilization in TST was measured and the maturational profile was assessed in all VPA-exposed groups. Our findings showed for the first time that there are symptomatic similarities in early postnatal development between the offspring continuously exposed to different doses of VPA during intrauterine development, i.e. delayed somatic development was accompanied with postponed rostrocaudal gradient of motor system maturation and affected muscle tone. Long-lasting functional consequences of prenatal exposure to VPA are of importance, but early motor development should not be neglected since it is could be an indication of difficulties in later psychomotor activities. Subsequent assessment is important to discriminate between subjects with motor disorders and those that develop slowly but typically.

Biography:

Abstract:

Stroke is a major complication of coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG), ranging from 1.3% to 4.5%, with a higher rate in diabetic patients of up to 5.2%. This detracts from the overall superiority of CABG over percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with multiple complex coronary lesions. In the Syntax Trial, the overall rate of stroke was 2.2% for CABG and 0.6% for PCI, with 9 of 33 strokes occurring within 30 days of the procedure for CABG and 2/20 for PCI, with no difference in delayed stroke after thirty days. However, 3 of the 9 perioperative strokes occurred prior to the bypass surgery and were included in the intention to treat analysis. In the FREEDOM Trial with a population confined to diabetic patients, the incidence of stroke was 5.2% for CABG and 2.4% for PCI, with 16/37 CABG strokes within 30 days and 3/22 PCI strokes within thirty days, but no difference in delayed stroke after thirty days. The only pre-procedural risk factors significantly associated with perioperative stroke were history of arrhythmia 8/59 13.6% p<0.05 and warfarin use at baseline 8 (13.6%) p<0.05. These results suggest that perioperative stroke during CABG is related to withdrawal of antithrombotic therapy for stroke prophylaxis. This may provide an opportunity for prevention of stroke during coronary bypass surgery.

Biography:

Abstract:

Subjective: We describe our surgical strategy for craniopharyngioma using hybrid surgery of microscope and neuroendoscope.

Materials and methods: Ninety one patients with cranipahrynigoma were treated our Hospital (38 patients operated by only microscope from 1974 to 2000, 53 patients operated by hybrid surgery using microscope and endoscope from 2011 to 2012). We analyzed recurrence rate of only microscopic surgery (1974-2000) vs. hybrid surgery.

Result: Samii’s grade of 91 patients was as follows; Grade I-1, II-16, III-37, IV-31, V-6. Expedient surgical approaches were 40 pterional/subfrontal, 30 interhemispheric, 16 transshenoidal approaches, so on. Eight (21%) in 38 patients were recognized tumor recurrence from 1974 to 2000 by only microscopic surgery. On the other hand, 5 (9.4%) in 53 patients recognized tumor recurrence from 2001 to 2012 operated by hybrid surgery using microscope and neuroendoscope. Advantage of hybrid surgery is as follows; wide and clear view, fit to deep-seated tumors, ordinary instruments can use, microscopic surgical education to junior Neurosurgeon can do, and residual tumor of dead space for example under optic chiasm by hybrid surgery. On the other hand, disadvantage of this surgery is as follows; 2D, special practice is needed, narrow space, adhesion, ossified tumor, or vascular tumor.

Biography:

Abstract:

Recently, we proposed and theoretically substantiated the hypothesis, which offers new approaches to treating neurodegenerative diseases of the retina and brain (Zueva, 2015). For the first time, we suggested that the impact of visual environmental cues of complex spatiotemporal structure on a person throughout his life is necessary for normal development and aging of the brain and visual system. The theory sets the link between the complexity of neural connections, nonlinear dynamics of physiological processes in the brain and the nonlinear characteristics of sensory cues. The loss in the complexity of neural networks in the retina and the brain develops in such socially relevant neurodegenerative diseases as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, etc. The necessity of maintaining and strengthening of mental abilities in extreme situations and normal aging is a separate social and medical problem. The idea is to improve the scheme of neural circuits and brain’s function in normal and neurodegenerative diseases by nonlinear visual and other sensory stimuli with complex temporal structure through the reactivation of the brain plasticity. We can expect that the development of innovative non-drug technologies of impact on brain plasticity and definition of ways to manage this process will contribute to a more efficient recovery of neuronal contacts, cognitive functions, and overall functionality in patients with neurodegenerative disorders and amblyopia. The creation of devices for nonlinear sensory stimulation and the detection of mechanisms of its impact on the brain are crucial for therapeutic strategies, which can underlay of future breakthrough technologies.

Biography:

Abstract:

The method of neuronal activity topography (NAT) is a complex and harmonic theory by fourier transform. However, it seems to be very far away from understanding and interpreting all images on NAT, because NAT consists of 210 submarkers referring to 10 frequency components ranging from 4 to 20 Hz. Furthermore, there are some limitations for using the 210-dimensional NAT spaces for clinical application, 1) EEG at rest have been implicated in some functions of a Default Mode Network (DMN), not Central-Executive Network (CEN), 2) frequency range for NAT include low frequency range (θ, α, β band), not high frequency range (γ band), 3) reliability of NAT depends on the quality of the EEG databases of central nervous system (CNS) diseases.

Recently, to visualize 210-dimensional NAT spaces at a glance, we develop a visualization application called a NAT print, which is similar to fingerprint. This E-poster showed that we could classified two geometrical and symmetrical patterns in the 52 normal subjects comprised 28 men and 24 women aging 71.9 ± 5.9 years, group 1 (dominant alpha and beta rhythm in occipital-temporal regions), or group 2 (dominant frontal midline theta rhythm in frontal regions). The sensitivity-versus-specificity characteristics were assessed with NAT and were compared between the two groups, showing that separation of the group 1 and group 2 was made with a sensitivity of 78%, as well as a false-positive rate of 22%. In future, we would like to elucidate a relationship between geometric diversity on NAT print and several CNS disorders.

Biography:

Abstract:

Sulcus arteria vertebralis is the groove that is located on first cervical vertebra (atlas) where vertebral artery passes over the posterior arch of atlas to reach the foramen magnum. An abnormal bridge between the posterior part of the superior articular process and posterolateral part of the posterior arch of the atlas is a common variation detected by radiographies of the patients. This bony bridge is called as ponticulus posticus or a variant of Kimmerle’s anomaly. Its prevalance has been reported to be between 5.14-37.83%. This common variation may be a possible cause of the ischemia in posterior circulation and headache. This study aimed to determine and analyse the existence of ponticulus posticus and correlate the dimensions of the vertebral artery with its prevalance with a retrospective analysis of 600 CT angiographies (1mm sections) of Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Hacettepe. We have detected a complete ponticulus posticus in 12.10% of the patients and 27.38% of them were bilateral. Right and left sided post-sulcus arterial dimensions were found to be lesser then the pre-sulcus dimensions with the incomplet ponticulus posticus existence. Variations of the sulcus arterial vertebralis is a commonly studied variation among different nations. This study will be a preliminary analysis for the clinical problems like headache, vascular diseases and surgical interventions of atlas.

Biography:

Abstract:

Fibromyalgia is a chronic disorder characterized by chronic widespread pain, that could be accompanied by fatigue and sleep disturbances with higher prevalence in females. Psychological factors contribute largely to fibromyalgia. The American College of Rheumatology recommends the use of centrally acting drugs such as pregabalin and duloxetine to effectively alleviate the symptoms. Female war refugees represent a fragile population that is highly prone to psychological distress and possibly fibromyalgia. Therefore, the current study had three objectives: 1) To study fibromyalgia prevalence,2) To study fibromyalgia treatment trends and their concordance with the guidelines and 3) To study if there is a correlation between fibromyalgia severity and insomnia among female Syrian refugees residing in Jordan. A cross-sectional study design was performed, data from 384 Syrian female were analyzed from four medical centers in Jordan. The Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) was used to study fibromyalgia prevalence and symptoms severity, structured questions were designed to explore fibromyalgia pharmacotherapeutic trend, and the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) was used to screen insomnia. The prevalence of severe fibromyalgia was about (30%), an alarming pharmacotherapeutic inconstancy with the ACR guidelines was evident and a significant correlation between fibromyalgia and insomnia was reported. This is the first article that sheds light on fibromyalgia prevalence, its current therapy and its correlation with insomnia in refugees’ settings. The early screening and raising awareness of fibromyalgia diagnosis and treatments are highly recommended among health care professionals in order to improve the quality of life and the wellbeing of this fragile population

Biography:

Abstract:

Introduction: Neuro-oncology is the study of brain and spinal cord neoplasms, many of which are life threatening. Brain imaging relying almost exclusively on MRI has been impressive in detecting early abnormalities in the brain, tumor types and grade. However, extremely small neoplasms (at early stages) are very difficult to detect. In addition to this, interpretation of disease response and progression in comparison to actual effects of tumor treatment has been quite poor. In order to address this problem, we have developed a computational method for differentiating normal brain tissues from abnormalities.

Results: A wolfram Mathematica program is developed according to Eqn(2) with which experimentally determined T1,T2 could be used for obtaining My maps. The GUI is shown in Fig.1 while the results for several brain tissues are shown in Fig.2.

Conclusion: The computer program was able to show contrasts between normal/abnormal brain tissues when the sizes are just few microns. This is particularly important in not only tumor diagnosis but also monitoring of patient response after treatment. Another advantage of this study is that diagnosis/treatment monitoring could be done without risking health deterioration due constant administration of chemotherapeutic drugs; ie, the simulation could be run as many times as required until best treatment plans are decided based on the results.