24^th Global Ophthalmologists Annual Meeting

A condition when the central nervous system's cells degenerate or stop functioning. In most cases, there is no therapy for neurodegenerative diseases, which often worsen with time. They could develop due to a tumour or stroke, or they might be inherited. Glaucoma, which has a neurodegenerative illness of both the eye and the brain, is characterised by progressive optic nerve degeneration.

• Glaucoma
• Diabetic retinopathy
• Retinitis pigmentosa

It is characterised by abrupt, unilateral reduced vision, optic nerve dysfunction (decreased colour vision, decreased contrast/brightness perception, RAPD), and periorbital discomfort that gets worse with eye movement.

• Demyelination
• Optic neuritis
• Multiple sclerosis

Subretinal hemorrhage is an accumulation of blood between the neurosensory retina and the Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) arising from the choroidal or retinal circulation.

• Scotoma
• Metamorphopsia
• Retinal Artery Macroaneurysm

Argon Laser Trabeculoplasty is the most popular kind of laser procedure used to treat open-angle glaucoma. The goal of the procedure is to aid in the drainage of eye fluids and lower intraocular pressure, which can harm the optic nerve and result in blindness.

• Hyphema Glaucoma
• Unilateral Glaucoma
• Uveitic Glaucoma
• Phacomorphic Glaucoma
• Malignant Glaucoma
• Juvenile Glaucoma

It is widely acknowledged that prostaglandins (PGs) raise uveoscleral outflow, which lowers intraocular pressure. Interest in the uveoscleral outflow has grown as PGs are increasingly used to decrease intraocular pressure. Uveoscleral outflow travels to the posterior pole of the eye via the suprachoroidal space after passing via extracellular gaps in the ciliary muscle.

• Intraocular pressure
• Prostaglandins
• Matrix metalloproteinases

Acanthamoeba keratitis is a rare but deadly eye infection that can cause blindness or permanent vision loss. When Acanthamoeba infects the cornea, the clear outer layer of the eye, it known as Acanthamoeba keratitis.

• Iris atrophy
• Scleritis
• Anterior uveitis

One of ophthalmology's most cutting-edge and developing subspecialties is still refractive surgery. With the introduction of tailored ablation, a paradigm shift has occurred: the main objective of refractive surgery is now to enhance or at the very least prevent degradation of the optical performance of the eye, rather than just do away with spectacles.

• AMARIS laser system
• Advanced Surface Ablation
• Dry eye

The term "blepharoptosis," also known as "ptosis of the eyelid," refers to the upper eyelid drooping, which typically happens as a result of a congenital or acquired dysfunction of the muscles that elevate the eyelid. Ptosis could be the first indication or symptom of a significant neurologic condition.

• Aponeurotic ptosis
• Myogenic ptosis
• Neurogenic ptosis
• Mechanical ptosis
• Traumatic ptosis

Retinal cancer is called retinoblastoma. The light-sensitive lining in the back of the eye is called the retina. Retinal eye cells expand swiftly in the early stages of a baby's development and then halt. Retinoblastoma is a type of cancer that only occasionally results from one or more cells continuing to grow.

• Congenital (heritable) retinoblastoma
• Germline mutation
• Bilateral retinoblastoma
• Multifocal retinoblastoma

There are various ocular disorders that cause neovascularization within the eye, the most prevalent of which are proliferative diabetic retinopathy, neovascular age-related macular degeneration, and retinopathy of prematurity.

• Proliferative diabetic retinopathy
• Neovascular age-related macular degeneration
• Retinopathy of prematurity

The study of eye-related medical disorders is known as ophthalmology. Ophthalmologists are medical professionals that focus on the surgical and medical care of this organ. Ophthalmologists treat eye conditions with drugs, laser therapy, and surgery if necessary. Primary and specialised medical and surgical eye care are also offered by ophthalmologists.

• Paediatric ophthalmology
• Clinical Ophthalmology
• Infant vision

The gradual decrease of your eyes' capacity to focus on adjacent things is known as presbyopia. It's a normal, frequently frustrating aspect of becoming older. Early to mid-40s is often when presbyopia first becomes apparent, and it gets worse until about age 65.

• Corneal inlays
• Bifocals, trifocals or progressive Lenses
• Multifocal contacts

Other names for hypermetropia include hyperopia, long-sightedness, and far-sightedness. The eye disease known as hypermetropia is characterised by the formation of an image of a close object behind the retina. Instead of focusing on the retina in this instance, the light is concentrated behind the retina.

• Total hypermetropia
• Latent hyperopia
• Manifest hyperopia

Myopia, a common visual disease known as near-sightedness, causes fuzzy vision for items that are far away but clear vision for nearby objects. It happens when light rays improperly bend (refract) due to the shape of your eye, focussing images in front of your retina rather than on your retina.

• Astigmatism
• High myopia
• Degenerative myopia

A cataract is a hazy spot in the eye's lens that causes vision to deteriorate. Cataracts can harm one or both eyes and frequently progress slowly. Symptoms can include halos surrounding lights, faded colours, fuzzy or double vision, problems with bright lights, and difficulty seeing at night.

• Nuclear cataracts
• Cortical cataracts
• Posterior subcapsular cataracts
• Congenital cataracts

A surgical treatment called refractive surgery is used to rectify the eye's refractive error (spectacle power). Usually, it is done to reduce or do away with the need for glasses and contact lenses. After the age of 18 to 21, it can be done on a patient with steady refraction.

• Anterior segment Optical Coherence Tomography
• Photrefractive Keratectomy
• Refractive Lenticule Extraction

Immunosuppressive drugs prevent the immune system from harming healthy tissues and cells. These medications are used by recipients of stem cell and organ transplants to reduce the risk of transplant rejection. As an alternative to or in addition to corticosteroids, immunosuppressive medications are being utilised more frequently to treat ocular inflammation.

• Immunosuppressive agents
• Uveitis
• Periocular corticosteroids
• Intraocular corticosteroids

A collection of rare, non-inflammatory eye conditions known as corneal ectatic disorders or corneal ectasia are characterised by bilateral corneal thinning in the central, paracentral, or periphery. When the inner layers of your cornea weaken, it can alter form, thrust forward, and cause vision distortions, which is known as corneal ectasia.

• Laser in situ keratomileusis
• Intracorneal ring segments
• Contact lenses

Keratoplasty involves surgery to replace a portion of your own cornea with donor corneal tissue. The clear, dome-shaped cornea makes up the surface of your eye. It is where light enters your eye and plays a significant role in your eye's capacity for sharp vision.

• Penetrating keratoplasty
• Endothelial keratoplasty
• Anterior lamellar keratoplasty
• Artificial cornea transplant

Bloch-Sulzberger syndrome, sometimes referred to as incontinentia pigmenti (IP), is a rare X-linked dominantly inherited condition that manifests at birth or in infancy. Eye problems, especially affecting the retina, are also included in it. Vascular occlusion is the cause of the retinal abnormalities, which also include exudative and tractional retinal detachments, haemorrhages, and neovascularization.

• Genetic diseases
• X chromosome
• Pigmentation disorders

Optometry is a healthcare profession that is independent, educational, and regulated (licensed/registered). Optometrists are the primary eye and visual system healthcare providers who offer comprehensive eye and vision care, including refraction and dispensing, detection/diagnosis and management of eye disease, and the rehabilitation of conditions of the visual system.

• Optical coherence tomography
• Slit lamp examination
• Amblyopia
• Visual processing
• Development of the visual system
• Computer vision syndrome