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Anna Fratta Pasini

Anna Fratta Pasini

University of Verona, Italy

Title: Endoplasmic reticulum stress, Nrf2 signaling and cardiovascular diseases in a nutshell

Biography

Biography: Anna Fratta Pasini

Abstract

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is an adaptive mechanism that arises when excessive newly synthesized and/or misfolded polypeptides in the ER lumen exceed its protein folding capacity in response to multiple cellular stress triggers such as oxidative stress, hypoxia and hyperglycemia. The accumulation of unfolded/misfolded proteins activates transcriptional and translational pathways, known as the unfolded protein response (UPR), an adaptive response that helps cell survival by activating a series of intracellular signaling pathways. When the UPR fails to control the level of unfolded/misfolded proteins, ER-initiated apoptotic signaling is induced. Several studies have demonstrated that ER stress occurred in atherosclerotic plaques, particularly in the advanced stages. In addition, ER stress has an important role in cardiac hypertrophy mainly in the transition to heart failure. Interestingly, chronic UPR activation has also been observed in obesity and in diabetes. Oxidative stress that plays a key role in cardiovascular and metabolic disease is counterbalanced by complex antioxidant defense systems regulated by a series of multiple pathways, including the UPR, to ensure that the response to oxidants is adequate. Nuclear factor-E2-related factor (Nrf2) is an emerging regulator of cellular resistance to oxidants; Nrf2 is strictly interrelated with the UPR sensor called pancreatic endoplasmic reticulum kinase. Interventions against ER stress and Nrf2 activators seem to reduce myocardial infarct size and cardiac hypertrophy in animals and to protect against obesity and insulin resistance. These evidences may open new promising therapeutic approaches in chronic cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.

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